Caucasian Messenger. - Tbilisi - 2000 - N 1 - 228 p - Bibl. at the end of each artic.
Accordinc to the J. Kashia's article "Enchained Caucasus" the Caucasus is a very sensitive historically bound multicultural and multiethnic geopolitical and geoeconomic region which has an integral and self-sufficient natural resources for developing economy and common geocultural system.
The vectors crossing Caucasus from the North to the South and from the East to the West (and vice versa) could play a really new geo-strategic role only on the ground of the new non-confrontational geopolitical concept, based on culturocentric traditions and matrix of the inter-Caucasian relations.
According to Russia's geopolitical and economic reality, and as it is proved by post totalitarianism strategy, the aim is not to allow natural unification of the Caucasian states and obstruct the process which will let this region transform into an interesting, rich and self sufficient one, with its oil, gold and silver, precious metals, manganese, coal and other natural resources, hydra and polienergy resources, versatile, natural resorts, tourist sites, agricultural industry etc. This list is not exhaustive but high level of intellectual resources is a real asset of the Caucasus.
In the post-totalitarian situation inter-Caucasian "ethnoconflicts" seemed to be masks of the new geopolitical reality, causing problems which could not be resolved by old conceptual schemas and economocentric technics and ideology. The only possibility to resolve this problems is to came on the ground of culturocentric approach and to develop integral Caucasian regional system.
The article of M. Vagabov and V. Razhbadinov "Dagestan, Vahhabism and Islamic World" deals with the history of Vahhabism and its modern situation in Dagestan.
Dagestan has a special place in North Caucasian geopolitics. There is a key of Russian politics and the window to the Moslem World.
Complicated situation requires careful consideration of Islamic questions.
The article of P. Sikharulidze "Georgian initiative of orientation in North Caucasus (first half of XVIII century)" presents the attempts of strengthening of Christian faith in North Caucasus, also the activities of "Allan Spiritual Commission" in 40-50 years of the XVIII century.
The article of I. Jukashvili "Reislamization and the ethnical traditions" represents the situation of the XVIII century in Islamic world. It was the beginning of reformation of Islam for cleaning and politization of it. This reformation was especially strong in direction among "Vahhabians" or "Ikhvenians".
Last time Vahhabism became strong in Caucasus, especially in Chechnia. The Islamic fundamentalism appeared in Georgia too, in Pankisi canyon, where the Kistians live. But, ethnical traditions, that are still strong and characteristic among the Caucasian mountain people, are the real hindrance for fundamentalism.
In the article of T. Sikharulidze "Some questions on Modern linguistic policy" are described some questions on linguistic policy in multinational countries. They are reflected in the constitutions and in the legislation of states. The initial role of linguistic factor consists of a fact that in many countries the administrational division of a territory depends on the practice of language in concerned area or a number of inhabitants practicing a specific language. The goal of this article is to choose a specific linguistic policy in a specific linguistic situation and the defending of interest of concerned State.
The question of foundation of the high school in Caucasus first rose in 1880. The article of B. Kupatadze "From the history of the first high school in Caucasus" presents the political and social situation, that was hindrance for this idea till 1918.
The article of G. Macharashvili "Shamil and Christianity" presents the position of Shamil to Christianity. Interesting is, that he orthodox Moslem knew quite well a neighbour country - Georgia.
The article of B. Nanobashvili "On Surname - Mushtarauli" presents the genealogy of alien population of given region on the background of the patronymic nature of surname. The author shows traditional forms of mode of life.
Scholars have been interested in Georgian bronze buckles since the first half of the 19th century and this interest has continued until today. The article of G. Kipiani "Bronze rectangle buckler - problem of their attribution" presents a new approach of this question.
Normally, there's no need to curve any belt buckle because they are quite small, but the one, 14-18 cm in length, is impossible to wear if not bent.
Besides this, the buckles are furnished with pointed bosses (hogged plates) at the angles, which somehow give them a shape of a weapon that might be attached to the breast, not to waist and used at the moment of hand-to hand fight.
All the buckles are made of bronze and their devices (even their rough parallels) aren't seen on any other pieces of the same significance, or on the dressing objects that make us to suppose that the form, material and the device itself was previously determined and "ordered" for some certain group of people.
According to find spots, we can easily imagine the area of their geographic expanse - the buckles were mostly spread along Georgia's historical roads and near the passes of the main Caucasian mountain ridge i.e. along ancient military routes.
Besides the roads, there are some strictly enclosed areas where buckles, belonging to this or that group were found.
Analysis of all the data just cited, allows us to put forward a number of conclusions: most of the buckles were parts of warriors' equipment.
The article of G. Chantladze-Bakradze "Religious rituals connected with candle and fire and questions of their name in the Georgian and Basque ethno-linguistic world" presents the possible linguistic relationship between the Georgian and Basque languages on the background of analysis of the religious terminology of these languages. Identity of religious rituals give the opportunity to consider the relationship of these people.
Russian Caucasological science takes its start from book of E. Bolkhovitinov "Historical representation of Georgia", that was published in 1802. The article of M. Natsvaladze "On some unprecision in Russian Caucasological science" presents some unprecisions based on the following principles:
The article presents the reason, why E. Bolkhovitinov didn't mention the source of his book - A. Amilakhvari "History of Georgia" 1779.
The article also presents the explanation of Armenophilian conception of Leonti Mroveli, that based on the version to the origin of self-name "somexi"(Armenian) from geographical term "samxreti" (South).
The article of I. Chantladze "Common characteristic of Svan language" considers one of the Kartvelian language - Svan language, where is very important linguistic materials. The study of this materials will give the explanation of most interesting problems of this question.
Categories of tense and aspect of Nakh-Daghestanian languages were discussed several times with comparative-historical method of approach. The article ofM. Alekseev "Category of Tense in Nakh-Daghestanian Languages" deals with the comparisons of indices of theme and aspect of Nakh-Daghestanian languages. On the mechanism of formation of personal forms a novel point of view is shown.
The article of B. Ataev "Problems of Ethnolinguistic life of the People of Daghestan" deals with the ethnolinguistic problems of multinational Daghestan. Similarities and differences with the other regions of the Russian Federation are shown. The project of the complex law of the languages of Daghestanian people is presented on the base of the linguistic law of a small people.
Problem of relationship of subject and object in Avar language is considered in the article ofM. Mahomedov "The Subject and Object in Avar Language". On the bases of analyses the polar syntactic functions and main characteristics of subject and object in Avar language are formulated.
The article of E. Sheikhov "Affirmative and Negative sentences in Russian and Lezgian Languages" deals with some similarities of the structure of Russian and Lezgian languages.
There are parallel structures of affirmative and negative sentences in Russian and Lezgian. However there is a specific model of negative sentence with the object in genetive case. But the structure of Lezgian sentences has a common model.
Adoption and introduction of loan-words is multi-planed phenomenon in the lexical-semantic of a language. It is interesting to observe loan-words in proverbs and sayings. The article ofS. Zabitov "Use of Arabian adoption in Proverbs and sayings of Nakh-Daghestanian Languages" deals with the use of one concrete lexeme in the proverbs of Nakh-Daghestanian languages and the factors which provoked changes of primordial words.
The article of T. Sikharulidze "Extra-linguistic and inter-linguistic aspect of bilingualism (multilingualism) and diglossya" presents the description of extra-linguistic and inter-linguistic aspect of bilingualism and diglossya, influence of different languages. The extra-linguistic questions of bilingualism are connected with the status of this or that language and the relationship of a concrete language to other idioms which are in connection with the concrete one.
Almost all characteristic features can be spread on diglossya but the difference between the interrelated idioms is not so distinct.
In the scientific literature the Svan term "sgri" considers as the Downbalian synonym of the Highbalian term "mäèuib", that means ground floor of a house. After linguistic analysis that is shown in the article of R. Ioseliani "On one lexeme of Svan building terminology" has cleared that "sgri" comes from root "sga" (middle) and means "average", "middle" (that is first) floor of three-floor house.
The article of Z. Vakhania "One Caucasian root and the problem of regular sound accordance" presents the irregular word-formation on the example of one root of Caucasian languages. The common law of genetic relationships of languages (regular accordance of sounds) is not useful for Caucasian languages.
Cognitive linguistics has redefined the concept of metaphor as the foundation for our conceptual system. Language is the most characteristic of human cognitive activities. Hence, in order to understand how humans categorize, we should try to understand human categorization in the special case of natural language.
In the present paper of Z. Kikvidze "Mother, Language, and Mother Tongue (on some peculiarities of the Georgian linguistic worldview)", the special case is the Georgian word deda ('mother') and its prototype effects.
Despite of some common formula with European languages (for instance, deda ena/mother tongue, dedamic'a/mother earth), the great majority of metaphors based on deda shows absolutely distinct and peculiar models overtly illustrating the principle that deda means 'main, principal, essential, original'. In the given compound (see the Georgian text) deda is an adjectival component attributed to the most important notions in the life of the nation.
It is noteworthy that the principle in question has a long-term historical background, but it is still vital and productive.
Therefore, deda-metaphors can be considered among the hallmarks of the Georgian linguistic world view.
The article of I. Gagiev "Word order in the Simple Sentences of Abaz language" deals with the presentation of the canonical scheme of the components of ergative construction (G. Klimov) and against this background the view points of other authors (O'Herin B., Kumakov M., Allen W.S., Getsadze U., Pazov S.) are discussed.
There are different view points according to the ending -ava in the Kolkh names. The article of P. Tskhadaia "The ending -va in Kolkh Names" deals with this question too. In author's opinion by the unification of two different morphemes we have -va complex, which was confirmed as an independent suffix.
The article of M. Tsiskarishvili "About some prepositions in Batsbi language" presents the distinguished supplementary (two) prepositions in the preposition paradigm of the Batsbi language.
The epithet "white" considered in the article of N. Kipiani "Epithet "White" in Slav Folklore" belongs to the most frequency figurative means in all Slav Peoples folklore. Extremely wide usage of the constant epithet "white" is observed in the Serbian epos.
Color meaning of the epithet "white" is late historical fact. The initial meaning of this epithet is expression of ideals sign. "White" has meanings "beautiful", "powerful", "the best", "sacred" and others. These meanings are often presented together. They represent the general emotional aesthetic appraisal of a person or an object from the ideal standpoint. Ideal is light. Originally "white" was connected with light. And this fact is reflected in Slav languages.
The article of N. Kipiani "Towards the phenomenon of so called "Hardening" of an Epithet" deals with very interesting question which was discussed by F. Buslaev, A. Veselovski, F. Mikloshich. They used the epithet "white" as an example in expressions "blackamoor's white hands", "blackamoor's white throat" in Serbian epos. The authoritative opinion of the XIX century's scientists is repeated by contemporary scientists.
The understanding of the epithet "white" should be lead not only from the position of new time literary language, from its poetics and aesthetics, but from the position of poetics of folklore. In the Serbian epos the epithet "white" has not only the meaning of color. "White" is expression of the beautiful and the best.
The Changes in the scientific terminology is a clear reflection of scientific research. Therefore, the article of I. Modebadze "Problems of Scientific Terminology and Contemporary Georgian Literary Scholarship" deals with tendencies characteristic to the development of the contemporary Georgian literary scholarship within the context of terminology problems. The research encompasses the characteristics common to changes to European and post-Soviet cultural space and processes started locally since Georgia became independent.
The article of T. Tsitsishvili "Romanoz Phantskhava (Khomleli) critic of Georgian literature" deals with the representatives of the Georgian literary criticism of the XIX century - Romanoz Phantskhava (Khomleli). The time has changed and revalued some of the manual thesis of Khomleli, but many of them still remain the importance for Georgian literary criticism.
The archaeological, ethnographic and linguistic data confirm, that already in ancient times there existed cultural entirety of Caucasian settlers. This problem is considered in the article of K. Sikharulidze "The Fragments of archaic Myth of God-fights in Northern Caucasian and Georgian Folklore".
Comparative inquiry of North-Caucasian and Georgian myths proves unity of the world outlook and religious views of the peoples. The details of the archaic myths, remained in the legends about giants, fighting against gods, should be the fragments of Caucasian Titanomachia. The main part in this opposition was given to the goddess, mother of the oldest generation of gods, who had been punished together with her sons. It is interesting, that only in Caucasian folklore we meet a myth about the bound goddess, while the place of giants' punishment always is somewhere in Caucasian mountains. Regarding the mentioned, we suggest, that the Caucasian model of Titanomachia is of local origin. This myth existed much earlier, then epos of Narths, and some particular details of it were included in the epical cycle as rudiments.
The article of E. Imnadze "N. Marr - Kartvelologist" presents the correspondence between N. Marr and N. Nikoladze. The materials were taken from fund of Georgian Parliamentary National Library. Also article describes the merit of famous Georgian linguist - N. Marr.
The article of R. Chilaia "Literary work and the author's objective" deals with literary works as a literary system which was founded from the ancient times, and even today its diversity strives from new forms.
From the perspective of literary studies is worth considering what the writer and in what, how and when creating a piece of literature; in other words we are interested in the author's objective and the methods of its realization. The technique used for the creation of a literary work is also interesting from the human perspective as a model of a spiritual movement on a free way and assimilation of spaces.
The article of G. Bochorishvili "Varicose of the Ovarian Vein - Ovaricovaricocele" considers the specifics of this deseas.
Descending ovaricovaricocele is caused by violation of the venous flow by the left renal vein and the ascending ovaricovaricocele is a result of the venous congestion in the pelvis originated by the different gynecologic disorders and as a result of the complicated labor.
The risk group for the development of ovaricovaricocele are the patients with nephroptoses, aorto-mesenterial clamp, retroaortal and ring-shaped renal veins, intrarenal arterio-venous fistula, chronic inflammation in the pelvic organs, leiomyoma of the uterus.
Violation of the urodynamics in the upper urinary pathways is caused by the vasoureteral obstruction that increases before menstruation. We vary two varieties of such compression of the distal ureters and of the right ureter at the pelvic bream. Such compression is caused by the varicosely changed utero-vaginal and/or ovarial venous plexuses with development of the fibrous sheet.
Ovaricovaricocele with the pelvic venous congestion leads to the deterioration of the menstrual cycle and development of anovulation. The infertility is caused by slight hypeprolactinemia leading to depression of LH production and increase of the progesterone secretion. Such alteration of the hormonal profile intensify violation of the urodynamics.
The main treatment is the endovascular occlusion of the ovarial vein.
Disappearance of pain, proteinuria, erythrocyturia, clinical manifestation of the chronic pyelonephritis, normalization of the upper urinary pathways, improvement the menstrual cycle with appearance of ovulation and pregnancy points to the correct treatment.
Caucasian Messenger. - Tbilisi - 2000 - N 2 - 228 p. - Bibl. at the end of each artic.
The article of Fr. Sikharulidze "Efforts for Creation of the Political-State Union of Caucasus" reviews the activity of the governing Social-Democratic Party of Georgian Democratic Republic for creation the Confederacy of Caucasian People in 1918-1921.
The paper of E. Khvichia "Georgian Nation and Caucasus" is devoted to a genesis of separatism in Georgia. Ethno-psychological mechanism of the phenomenon is explained.
In ours epoch the new resources of development of mankind are more and more obviously designated which make a basis of strategy "spiritual ways of development". The theoretical and practical preconditions of the decision of a problem of saving of balance in system "ecological environment - man - space" we offer to consider on an example of the Caucasus. The article of L. Chamian "Caucasus - Major Region of the World for Global Reorientation of Mankind on a Spiritual Way of Development" considers the way for concrete realization of this model.
The present article of E. Jgerenaia "The Conception of Utopia in the Sociology (Usage of Conception of Utopia in the Sociology of M. Weber, K. Popper, W. Mills and D. Riesman)" is a part of the work called "Utopia and Sociology". It discusses the use of the concepts of "utopia" and "utopic" in sociology, and treats the conceptions of M. Weber, D. Riesman, W. Mills, K. Popper and K. Manheim. The aim of the article is to define the place and role of the concepts of "utopia" and "utopic", to argue that "utopia" and "utopic" are major themes in sociology.
The article of M. Aligadjiev, M. Osmanov, F. Amayeva, A. Abdurakchmanova "The Modern State of Benthos Organisms of the Middle Caspy in the Conditions of Changing Water Regime and Anthropogenous Influence" deals with ivestigations of coastal Dagestan region of Caspy (7-Karaman - Reductoric settlement) showed, that the bottom of this region was subjected to a visible changes as compared with observations of past years: the sand grounds, observed earlier to 5 m depth, is meet to 10 - 12 m depth, where from the silt grounds are begin. In this connection the bottom biocenosis, usual to a silt grounds moved from 5 m to 10 - 12 depth and an area of Pontogammarus biocenosis some widened, but the consistence of species of the bottom fauna almost didnt change for all that. Average biomass of benthos equal to 23,15 g/m2.
It's established that some hard metals and oilproducts content visibly exceeds MPC (maximum permissible concentration) in the investigated region, and, nevertheless, separate populations of hydrobionts, able to reproduce and to give progeny are meet here. Mechanism of adaptation of these organisms in polluted environment ought to be reveal in the future investigations.
The article of M. Aligadjiev, M. Osmanov, F. Amayeva, A. Abdurakchmanova "Periphyton Biocenosis of the West Coastal Shallow Waters of the Middle Caspy" concerns the ecological situation of the Caspian sea. It's noted that qualitative consistence of the periphyton biocenosis fauna in the region of Makchachkala port is very poor and their structure is some simple because of it. The Bacillariophyta algae are predominant in the biocenosis (27 species); single examples of the rest organisms (larva and adult forms of Balanus, Oligochaeta, Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta algae) are met. Average biomass of the periphyton biocenosis equal to 8,0 g/m2.
It's established, that periphyton biocenosis in the region of 7 - Karaman is qualitatively much more rich and their structure is rather complex. Larva and adult forms of crabs are predominant here; larva and adult forms of Balanus and Mytilaster are subdominant and different representatives of algae are secondary. Average biomass of this biocenosis equal to 45 mg/m2 and more than five times exceeds a biomass of the environmental benthos.
Among the concepts analysed by Damaskin in the "Dialectics" the most important are - Genus and Species, which are in the center of logical-philosophical researches from the old times.
The article of N. Beria "Towards the Inexact Interpretations of Genus and Species" focuses on the coincidence of Aristotle's understending of the concepts and their interpretation in the "Dialectics".
The article of Z. Korashvili "Solomon Dodashvili about Rhetorical Art" deals with "Rhetoric" by Solomon Dodashvili. This is the first original Georgian work on the field of the speech theory. In spite of schematic character it is very interesting of researching the problems. "Rhetoric" is a real help for studying the common theory of the rhetorical art and for defining the questions of the verbal speech.
The article of Z. Mahomedova "Sufism in Daghestan - Reason of Arising and Following Development" presents the centuries old, gradual way of spreading of Islam in Daghestan. Islam established in Daghestan by special form - Sufism. The article describes the Mjuridism, that is closely conected with Sufism.
The article of B. Aliev "The Community Unions of the Daghestanian Villages - Genesis, Structure, Essence" describes the genesis of community unions. The studying of these questions gives the great opportunities for understanding the essence, structure and history of community unions.
The article of M. Gimbatova "From the History of Kivchagh IX-XIII c.c." gives the etymological version of the ethnonym "Polovets". Kivchaghs were known by this name in Russia. The article describes Kivchaghs' history of genesis, migration, economical relationships etc.
Each legend has a precise historical basis. That's why when investigating people's ethnic history it also has a definite genetic touch. The article of T. Ivelashvili "Folk Legends as One of the Sources of Georgian Ethnic History" deals with the legends concerning the fight between the "jvar-khati" and "deus" in Khevsureti (mountainous part of Eastern Georgia) and the migration of the mountaineers from Shavsheti (Historical South-western Georgia, now forming a part of Turkey) are discussed. Filling it up with the written sources and analyzing it critically, it becomes possible to resolve and reconstruct some problems of Georgians ethnic history (at least partially).
In the end of the XVI c. in Daghestan was created a new feudal domain - Shamkhal. Russia, Turkey and Iran were considered with this powerful political unit.
The article of M. Ismailov "Towards the Relationship between Georgia and Daghestan in the End of the XVI c. and the Beginning of the XVII c." describes the relationship between Georgia and Shamkhal.
The article of M. Kevlishvili "Customs about Pregnant Women and Newly Born Children in the Caucasus acording to "SMOMPK" is interesting from the point of ethnography.
The women in the Caucasus mainly used to deliver at their homes, though the facts of external deliver were also observed which is thought to have. Its own reason a women is thought to have been a magician, had to be shunned, as she. The women usually delivered on the straw heap. Very important was the Institute of midwife.
The Caucasus abounded in the customs connected with newly born babies.
A child was bathed in wine to make him healthy, was wrapped in salt; during bathing a child was subjected to some exercises and all these exercises were aimed to make the child healthy.
"Kartlis Tskhovreba" ("Kartli life") - a collection of earlier stories, which is written in different times includes not only history of Georgia, but the World history and the history of the peoples living in North Caucasus, as well. The article of E. Kopaliani, I. Tsiklauri "Some References on Peoples of North Caucasus Kept in "Kartlis Tskhovreba" ("Kartli Life")" analyses the invasions of Nomadic tribes in old times, describing some aspects of anachronism typical for "Kartlis Tskhovreba". There are also, some considerations about those ethnic groups, mentioned in "Kartlis Tskhovreba".
The story about Biblical Moses mentioned in this collection is considered as a chronological guide. It is stated that besides historical facts, we come across the mythological stories, and very interesting conclusions, so actual today, can be made on the background of the events taking place in the Caucasus nowadays.
The paper refers to the earlier period of the "Kartlis Tskhovreba".
The Caucasian model of conducting the defensive battles has played an important role in preserving of the common Caucasian culture. The article of E. Kopaliani, I. Tsiklauri "For the History of Defensive Buildings of Caucasian People" deals with this question. In the historical past Caucasus has always been apprehended as an indivisible historic-geographic region. Due to its geostrategic significance Caucasus has long been as an area of fierce battles. Wide scale wars demanded from the local population of such a model of defensive system, which could have assisted them in preserving of their ethno-cultural peculiarities.
The article of B. Kupatadze "The Russian IV State Duma and Transformation of the Georgian Political Parties in 1912-1917" analyses the views of Georgian Political Parties and trends (Social-Democratic, Social-Federalists, National-Democratic) on the background of the existence of the Russian IV State Duma in 1912-1917.
The common tend: "Turning of the Rights into the Lefts" and "The Lefts into the Rights" is given concerning the State Duma.
In 134 AD the governor of the province Cappadocia - Flavius Arrian (131-137) had a special visit to the Roman military camps Apsaros, Phasis and Sebastopolis in the East Black Sea littoral, on the commission from the Emperor Adrian. Arrian expressed the results of his journey in his special memorandum report to the Emperor,"Periplus". In it we read that there are five cohorts in Apsaros. The nature and aim of the cohorts mentioned in the letter caused diversity of opinions among the scholars. The main purpose of the work of Sh. Mamuladze, M. Khalvashi, L. Aslanishvili "The Roman Garnisons in Apsaros" is to study the issue on the basis of historical sources and recent archaeological data.
In the 20-ies, 30-ies of our century, on the territory of contemporary Turkey was more than 50 populated points, where lived representatives of the Daghestan peoples.
The article of A. Mahomeddadaev "Geography of Settling of the Daghestan Diasphore in Contemporary Turkey and Syria" gives a list with towns and populated points of Turkey, where live the descendants of Daghestan Mohagirs (dates of 31.08.1996).
The article of N. Mahomedov "Commercial Relationship between Daghestan and Azerbajan in the XVIII-XIX c.c." describes the commercial ways between two neighbouring countries. Author gives the definitions of the commercial forms between Azerbaijan and Daghestan. Materials are based on the historical and literature sources.
The article of M. Mikadze "Trading Interrelations in Samtskhe-Javaketi at the Boundary of the XIX-XX Centuries" presents the development of capitalism in the Georgia. After realization of peasant reform as it took place in everywhere, in Samtskhe-Javaketi too a wide road was opened for the development of capitalist manufacture. The lack of railroad prevented of the normal development of capitalism in this region mostly in trading. Akhaltsikhe played the role of a trading centre but after appearing Batumi and Poti ports foreign trade went to the sea and the role of Akhaltsikhe threw down.
Thus, before the peasant reform and appearing of Batumi and Poti ports Akhaltsikhe had advantages in Georgian foreign trade. After that the superiority of foreign trade goes to the mentioned ports and Akhaltsikhe stays as the centre of inland trade.
The idea of restoration of the Russian empire, being rather popular in present-day Russia, is directed against vital interests of Russia itself. The duty of historiography is to globally analyze these problems which are rather urgent nowadays as the Russian society is not ready yet to understand the truth repeatedly confirmed by the world historical process - aggression shown to another country turns to be a tragedy first of all for the conqueror itself.
The scientific potential of the European and post-Soviet countries is quite large. These countries must form a scientific trend that will aim to show the imperial idea from different points clearly revealing inexpediency of the imperial idea as the main basis of the state.
The Russian imperial ideology nowadays is quite different from its original character and it prolonged its existence by means of later transformations. At present, when a definite dissonance between the Russian imperial ideology and the existed reality is quite evident, the Russian historiography has to make a choice - either, according to old tradition, searching for a transformed type of the new imperial ideology enabling the former to be practically used is to continued or the imperial ideology as a main support of the Russian policy is to be definitely rejected.
The research of the problem given in the article "Genesis of the Russian Imperial Ideology and Stages of its Further Transformation" by M. Natsvaladze is based on three methodological principles: 1. To examine the problem against the world-historical background; 2. Dialectical analysis of problem; 3. Adherence to the principle of historism.
During the research of the problem meets two main difficulties: a two-step stage of research and a large-scale chronological framework of the problem.
The article "Pantheon and Pandemonium of the Daghestanian People (Typological Classification)" by R. Seferbekov, M. Ismailov describes the attempt of reconstruction of the pantheon and pandemonium of the Daghestanian people before Islam. Author, based on the historical sources and literature gives a typological classification of the mythological personages of the Daghestanian people.
Caucasian peoples' folklore maintains the elements of antique faith. Apparently in ancient times in Caucasus were existed notions of zoo-geo-cosmic deities, whose portrayals are retained on archaeological fossils.
The article "World Vision of Ancient Population in the Caucasus and the Ritual Function of Bronze Axes" by K. Sikharulidze presents the ritual function of the axes from Kolkheti and Kobani.
The article "The Role of the Bagvashi's Family in the Protection of Kvemo Kartli Lands" by K. Kutateladze deals with concrete events of the Georgian history. The Bagvashis' tribal principality, being the Eristavs (Governor) of Kldekari, played a positive role upon the protection of Kvemo Kartli lands from outside forces. The Bagvashes' Family limited the territorial jurisdiction of Arabic Emir in Tbilisi and became a strong barrier against the Armenians' invasion.
On the Armenian map of Tashir-Dzogaret's Kingdom there is a part of Algeti canyon with the Partskhisi castle without consideration of the Georgian source. In the XI century the protective castles Birtvisi, Orbeti and Partskhisi were teared away from Tbilisi Emir by Kldekari Eristavi - Bagvashi and the king of Georgia Bagrat the IV.
The article "The Basis of Edmond Kalandaze's Art" by N. Shervashidze considers the components of the painter's creation. Examination and revelation of Edmond Kalandadze painting origins gives the possibility to define the features of individual range of expressional formal methods, that is based on structural perception of nature and its art reshape by the quantity and quality level color function intensification, intensity and clearness of color spot, stroke, flatness, unity of color and painting categories.
For the complete understanding of Edmond Kalandadze art the essential is the comprehension of relationship between the painter and the reflected object, that is not only the specific image of real existed subject but it also is the bearer of the certain idea that the painter gives it and expresses the personal attitude to the concrete phenomenon.
According to the archaeological dates given in the article "Problem of Ethnogenesis of Kolkhs in the Light of the Dates of Ore Mining and Smelting Centre of the Ancient Kolkheti" by N. Khakhutaishvili the area of functioning of the ancient ore mining and smelting centre of the ancient Kolkheti was located mainly in the region inhabited by the tribes of the Georgian-Kolkh (Zan) lingual group. Unity of the material culture of the ancient Kolkheti ore mining and smelting centre is a real proof for genetic community of inhabitants of this region.
The article of J. Khubuluri "From the Kolkhian "Tetri" to the Mint of David the Builder" considers the question of foundation of the first Georgian money unit. The answer is that, it was connected with the discrimination currency policy of Greece. The article gives the cause of circulation of coins with Arabian inscriptions in Georgia.
The rebellion against Bolshevism that took place in February, 1921 in Svaneti, that is the region in the highlands of the West Georgia, was the first armed protest against the occupation of Georgia by Soviet Russia. This fact manifested that Georgian people will never resign themselves to the idea of loosing the liberty. The article of O. Janelidze "Anti-Soviet Rebellion in Svaneti in 1921-1922" approximately describes the history of this rebellion.
The article of Ts. Beridze "Lado Agniashvili and Georgian Musical Culture (the 140-th Birth Anniversary)" presents the contribution of the famous writer, folklorist and journalists in studying and popularization of Georgian folklore, in creating the first Georgian national chorus. The merit of Georgian national chorus in bringing up of Georgian musician is shown too.
The article of N. Burchuladze 'The Icon and Icon-Painting in Georgia" is an introduction of the research dedicated to the icon and icon-painting in the Georgia. In fact, it is a history of an icon in the South Caucasus. The research will be published in the series and it will be followed by the full bibliography on Georgian painted icons.
The article of M. Alekseev, E. Sheikhov "The Forms of Syntactic Conjunctions in Lezgi and Russian Languages" gives the comparative analysis of functioning of the syntactic conjunctions (agreement, government, adjoin) in Lezgi and Russian languages. The articles gives the contradictions in the definition of the notions - agreement and government in the correlation with the category of gender in the Russian language. In the Lezgi language the absence of the categoty of gender makes the contrast, but not with its relations in the syntactic conjunctions. The article gives the contradictions of the definition of the adjoin notion too.
The article "From the Reaserching History of Historic Grammar of the Avar Language" by B. Ataev presents some question on the grammar of the Avar language. The Avar language has the several similarities in phonetic, grammar and vocabulary with Andi-Dido languages. Without writing documents the difficulties with reconstructing of pre-Avar language, shifted to the dialects of the Nakh languages and to the dates of the comparative analysis of the related Andi-Dido languages.
The article "The Arabisms in Proverbs and Statements of the Nakh-Daghestanian Languages" by S. Zabitov considers the Arabisms of the Nakh-Daghestanian languages (Allah-God, Azrail-angel of death, Jeneth-paradise, Jin- jinnee, demon). The new proverbs and figurative statements have come with these lexemes. Also very interesting is the high level of adopting of these Arabisms in the Nakh-Daghestanian languages.
The related Daghestanian languages (but not whole languages of Daghestan) have many common features in grammatical structure and also have considerable divergences too. The article "Daghestanian Languages: Common and Distinctive Features" by G. Topuria, G. Burchuladze describes some common and distinctive features of these languages in phonetic, morphology and syntax.
The article "Expression of Relations of Subject-Object in Avar Language" by M. Mahomedov describes the grammatical categories of Avar language. The special place have the subject-object categories, that takes part in creation of various syntactic categories.
Triplex vocalized basis complexes made by the inter-combination of the blade-tongue occlusives and the sonorants l, n, r, within one morpheme in Georgian surnames and vocabulary are discussed in the article "Blade-Tongue Occlusive and Sonorant Triplex Complexes in Georgian Surnames and Lexic" by S. Melikidze. It is concluded that all the complexes (135) are established in the language when in a word (in a surname or in a lexical unit) at the beginning of the complex stands the occlusive zero constrictive sound, then any vowel and the last is the sonorant. But we have 48 complexes when the high constrictive sonorants stand in the Anlaut of the complexes. The model - the zero constrictive occlusive, then any vowel and the high constrictive sonorant seems more acceptable for the language.
The article "Caucasian - "Lingual Minicommunities" by K. Tuite is a part of K. Tuite's important research - " The myth of the Caucasian Sprachbund: The case of ergativity", that was printed in the journal "Lingua", N 108, 1999, in Montreal.
The article of N. Kipiani "From the Iranian - Slavonic Lexical Relations: xoroshij" presents the etymology of the word xoroshij (good) which was proposed by S.P. Obnorskij and must be admitted as the most convincing. It can be confirmed by the system which can be conditionally named "light" - dictionary. The links of this system illustrate the definite evolution of language lexical relations: positive characteristics (ethical and aesthetical) were formed on the base of an idea of light.
The article of I. Chantladze "Spelling of Svan Texts and Their Computering Reflection" deals with problem of publication of the Svan texts.
In spite of high level of the publication, the computer treatment is better after their correction by the contemporary spelling rule, to avoid of certain inconveniences.
The work "Dialectical-Etymological Analyze of Basque Lexem's with b-Prefix (with Particulary Account of Some Caucasian Languages )" by G. Chantladze-Bakradze describes the basis and comparative analyze of the somatic lexemes of the Basque and Caucasian languages. Author gives her opinion of this question.
The article of M. Tsiskarishvili "Declination of Nouns with Separate Standing Postpositions in Bacbi Language" presents some conclusions on this question.
The article of H. Tsulaia, K. Sokhadze "The Caucasian Zodiac Circle" concerns the disposition of thousands of architectural monuments of Georgia built in times of Christianity. On the basis of the given correspondence of groups of ancient cultural monuments, located on the territory of the historical Kartli with the constellations of zodiacs there are made definite conclusions about the boundaries of the territory of Kartli, the age of the "Georgian zodiac" and so on.
For the study of the ethnic history is very important the toponyms. The article "Towards the Origin of Some Toponyms of Eastern Caucasus" by Kh. Khanmagomedov presents the etymologies of the following toponyms: Bazardzju, Jalgan, Chakhchakh, Chakhchakh-Kazmaljar, Chantarkent, Shalbuzdag, Dokuz-Para, Akusha, Ganja and Shemakha. Author things that these toponyms comes from Turkic languages and reflects the migrations of the tribes, that were speaking on those languages.
For the comparative studying of toponyms of mountain regions of Caucasus very important materials gives the villages with different-lingual inhabitants. In that way is very interesting the toponyms of the villages Ikhrek and Tsakhur of the Daghestan Republic given in the article "Toponymy of Two Different Lingual Villages of the Daghestan Republic of Russian Federation Ikhrek and Tsakhur as an Example of Study the Nomination of the Geographical Objects of the Mountain Territory of the One Administrative Region (Comparative Description)" by Kh. Khanmagomedov, A. Gebekova. According to the materials author thinks that toponyms of the village Ikhrech are more complicated, that might be explained with complication of lingual processes.
The article of V. Gunia "The Letters to Lev Tolstoy from the Caucasus" presents the relations of L. Tolstoy and Georgia. The letters to Tolstoy are important as a response of the most ancient of all the known editions devoted to Caucasian studies to eyewitnesses' account on the great writer, whose name is linked with the Caucasus. The letters contain numerous details important both for Tolstoy's life story and for description of the Caucasian events of that time, as well as for portraying the environment in where he lived in the Caucasus.
The article of E. Elizbarashvili "Towads the Question of the Plot and the Topic of the Poem "Digenes Akrites" in Connection with "Barlaam and Joasaph" considers the problem of correlation between the plots of the Byzantine heroic epos "Digenes Aktrites" [XI-XII c.] and the novel of "Barlaam and Joasaph". Detailed textual analysis of the both literary works is given, that reveals some proximity among the motives. The plots of the poem and the romance are supposed to be well-known in the mediaeval ages and connected with folklore tradition.
The article of Sh. Thavberidze "Fate Deities in Georgian Folklore" concerns the divine creatures such as - "bedismtserali", God, St. George, angel, "cadjy". According to the belief of Georgian people they determine a person's fate. By the folklore material two stages of folk thinking can be singled out: earlier notions about the master of fate and later ones created on the bases of the Christianity.
The right of property of national territory and natural resources together with state independence was deprived from Georgian people in 1801-1810 years. Tsarism took possession and made it as the part of Russian state property. For the purpose of managing the state property the special service was formed which was the part of Russian administration in Caucasus . In 1868 Kutaisi province management of state property was formed. The article "From the History of Management of State Property of Russian System in Georgia (the Creation of Management of State Property of Kutaisi Province)" by G. Vachridze presents the mechanism of economic extortion of Georgia by Russia.
The article of M. Robakidze "About Two Places of Rustaveli's "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" presents a new opinion about two places of Rustaveli's poem "The Knight in the Panther's Skin ". The problem is examined in the light of psychologic analysis of anthropological notions, which presents a personality of the man, as "narrow" and "whole".
The prerequisites and main peculiarities for creation the integral course (subject "Art") of teaching of one of the varieties to the mentioned approach are considered in the article of N. Macharashvili "A New Methodological Orientation in the Sphere of Pupil's Aesthetic Training"
The article of E. Imnadze "Konstantine Gamsakhurdia 3/V. 1893 - 17/VII. 1975" presents the bibliography of the Georgian writer.