Demography. - Tbilisi - 2004 – № 1 (6) - 115 p. – In Georgian, Russian and English..

L. Chiqava. Specific Demographic Laws. Demographic law is a steady, constantly recurrent essential connection and interconditionality of the cause and effect among demographic events and processes. Demographic laws can be divided into generic, private and specific ones. Their specific sign is that they (the law of fertility, the law of demographic aging and so on) act in separate stages of societal development and not in every stage of it.

Scientific analysis of the factual material suggests that the general fertility rate as well as the total fertility rate is characterized by sharply outlined declining tendency; and this is so steady and irreversible that it gains the status of demographic law. Because the fertility declining tendency is not characteristic for every stage of the development of humankind and it is characteristic for only present stage, when contemporary type of population reproduction is becoming inculcated increasingly effective, it gives us grounds to call it the specific demographic law.

The action of the law of demographic aging has the similar nature. At the contemporary stage of the development the world's population is steadily aging and this process is especially intensive in the developed regions. At that this process is objectively inevitable because its defining both factors (fertility reduction and the growth of the average life expectancy) act not only with their full force, but also they gradually intensify.

Like general and private demographic laws, the characteristic principal signs and features for the action of specific demographic laws are: objective character, impossibility of reform or abolition by the subjects' initiative and efforts; necessity of the participation of the human factor in the realization of the action; absence of direct connection with the societal and economic formations and so on.

V. Lordkipanidze, A. Totadze. Demographic Development of Georgia, Amount of the Georgian Population in the 11^th Century and Evaluation of the Amount of Coalition Armies of Moslems Fighting Against Georgia (Beginning in № 5, 2002). Since 1089 a new era has started in the life of the Georgian people. Consecration of David Aghmashenebeli (the Builder) and his further activities promoted Georgia to become one of the most powerful states not only in the Near East but this strength was expressed in multipling among the population. As we have assessed there should have lived 1216 people in Georgia in the 11^th century. In the period of David Aghmashenebeli and also after him a demographic condition has gradually improved and the development of a sexual, age and family structure was conducted in normal conditions.

During the reign of David Aghmashenebeli Georgia's borders were considerably extended. In result of his active foreign policy Turk-Seljuks had been ousted from South Caucasus. A greater part of liberated Armenia and Shirvan was joined to Georgia. The Georgian lands were united into a single state.

In the 12^th century Georgia had wars against the coalition army of Moslems. These coalition armies were numerous in number. That's an undoubted fact. But the chroniclers extremely exaggerated the strength and amount of the army and the casualties to prove military force and tried to reduce their casualties as much as they could. A majority of the data and evidences on the amount of the army and casualties of the Middle Ages and of the later period lack reality. The analogous evidences are preserved in the Georgian literary monuments.

Especially important is the evidence preserved about the amount of coalition army fighting against Georgia in Didgori (1121) and Basiani (1203). According to Armenian scholar Mateosis Urhaets the amount of Moslem army in Didgori equaled to 560 000, while Antioch principality chancellor French Gotier informs about 600 000. Professor Levan Sanikidze thought Turks had 400 000 warriors, Iv. Javakhishvili considered a coalition army of Turk-Seljuks involved 300 000. Different data are preserved on the amount of David Aghmashenebeli's army. Gotier says 80 000, Urhaets – 55 600, this being more convincing. It's most difficult to determine by these data not only exact but also approximate amount of the Turk-Sekuks' coalition army. If we take into account quite a low level of the then economy, limited potentials and difficulties in the armies' existence and their everyday life conditions, critically analyze the historical data preserved and evaluate all these evidences from the demographic viewpoint, then we can suppose the Turk-Seljuk army did not exceed 200 thousand warriors. However, Iv. Javakhishvili supposed this amount was 300 000, which is far from being real.

The same can be said about the amount of Sultan Rukn ad-Din's army in Basiani war. By one evidence his army amounted to 800 000, by another – 400 000, by the third – 20 000. The fact is interesting that Rukn ad-Din made all the Mohammedan countries become his allies. He headed the coalition army as numerous as "the stars" and attacked Georgia. The Georgian people gained a brilliant victory once more and from now on they were recognized as unconquerable.

V. Lordkipanidze. Influence of Sanitary and Hygienic Conditions on Demographic Development of Georgia. A low level of sanitary-hygienic conditions in Georgia nearly up to the 20^th century was one of the main reasons causing prevalence of infectious diseases and high death-rate. Taking no heed of personal hygiene in the middle ages, which usually accompanied wars, epidemies and hunger, people used to die at an early age. According to the Georgian and foreign literary sources up to the 20^th century a serious problem for the cities was lack of sewerage system, problems in throwing garbage, in cleaning the streets and squares, which made the latter a source of dust.

One of the main reasons for prevalence of the infectious diseases, especially in the urban regions, often was water. In that period water of the river Mtkvari was used for drinking in Tbilisi, which was most dangerous from epidemiological viewpoint. Along with water a main source for prevalence of infectious diseases was use of low quality and counterfeited milk.

In result of infectious diseases in 1876 in Tbilisi there died 1348 people, i.e. 57,3 % of the total amount of the dead. This was twice higher as compared with the rate in the European countries.

A low level of domestic hygiene was caused by the fact that in the Middle Ages people did not use towels, handkerchiefs, linen, forks, they used to eat from common plates by hands. An analogous situation was in the medieval countries of Europe as well.

A low level of hygiene and a high level of anti-sanitary often caused prevalence of black plague, cholera and other infections. The present paper analyses the cases and scales of infections prevalence and demographic results.

M. Khmaladze. Socio-Economic Situation of Forcibly Displaced Persons from Abkhazia in Tbilisi. At the present time 32,2 % of the total number of forcibly displaced persons from Abkhazia resides in Tbilisi. Their situation is extremely bad. The main problems are employment and incomes. 56,5 % of those polled indicated the noted problems. 25 % of them stressed the living conditions. According to the survey, conducted in 2000, 34,7 % of those polled in Tbilisi said that they are unemployed, 51 % noted that their monthly income made up 20 lari. The total income per person aggregated nearly 27 lari.

It is a negative fact that the role of women in their family incomes has increased and breadwinners became minor children. 35,3 % considers that their material conditions worsened and 21,8 % thinks that their material conditions will worsen even more in the future. At the same time people with the good material conditions expect that their material conditions will improve in the future.

28,5 % of internally displaced persons most of all are in need of food, 15,9 % - medicaments. 42 % of those polled thinks that their living conditions are bad, 31,5 % thinks it very bad. At that 68,5 % of those polled, noted that their living conditions are worse compared with the local population. 72,2 % noted that before the expulsion 72,2 % had their own houses, 39,2 % - flats in buildings, 64 % land plots, 22 % - cottages, 63,3 %  - cars, 89,6 %  - furniture, 53 % - domestic animals. At present they have lost all of these things and have nothing to live for.

E. Menabdishvili, M. Khmaladze. Reproductive Behaviour in Ceorgian and Azerbaijani Population. Through the sociological survey it was found that Georgians and Azerbaijanis differ from other by the realized reproductive behaviour. The average number of children in Georgians made up 2.03 children and 3.21-in Azerbaijanis. 80.0 % of the Georgian respondents have small number of children while this indicator for Azerbaijanis was 28.6 %. The Georgian respondents who have an average number of children, comprised 18.57 % and the share of those who have many children formed 1.43 %. The analogous rates for Azerbaijanis were 54.7 and 15.62 respectively.

The desirable number of children is different too. 41.48 % of the Georgians consider a small number of children in families as desirable; such a category among Azerbaijanis was 19.12 %. The average number of children in families is considered desirable by 57.41 of Georgians and 65.43 % of Azerbaijanis. Having many children in families is considered desirable by 1.09 % of Georgians and 15.43 of Azerbaijanis. All the above noted means that these two ethnicities residing in Georgia create different possibilities for changing their share in population structure and generation reproduction through their awareness of the desirable number of children in families. The same picture was observed by the analysis of the data on the ideal number of children in families. The existing awareness of reproductive norms inevitably will result in different growth of Georgian and Azerbaijani population and as result their absolute and comparative indicators will change.

The comparative analysis of the norms of childbearing in three generation (respondent, parents and grandparents) showed the gradual declining tendency. The norms of childbearing in Georgians result in reduced reproduction of the respondents? Generation while it provides only extended reproduction in Azerbaijanis. Equalization of the norm of reproductive behaviour in several generations of this ethnicity seemingly is not to be expected.

E. Menabdishvili. Demographic Processes, Political and Cultural Values in Greek Population Residing in Georgia. The number of Greeks residing in Georgia had increased until recent decades of the last century; their number has sharply decreased in the recent decades. In 2002 their number made up only 17.72 per cent of the number of 1989. According to the current statistical indicators the number of births, marriages and natural increases has declined at the beginning of the 21^st century.

If we assess the ethnic solidity of the Greeks by their attitude to their native language, it is low in their national awareness. The majority of them named the Russian language as their native language instead of Greek. The Russian language is used for family relations in the majority of the Greeks' families. They get education in secondary schools in Russian regardless of their families' monoethnicity or biethnicity.

Since the restoration of Georgian statehood the employment and life conditions have worsened for the majority of Greeks. Their employment and incomes got much worse than their employment and life conditions. A part of Greeks is employed abroad and they maintain flats and land plots in Tsalka (the Greeks primarily move to Russia and Greece).

The majority of Greeks positively assesses the existing conditions in Georgia for maintaining their national selfness. 67.8 per cent of them positively assess the attitude of Georgians toward the Greek culture and traditions. Their absolute majority (92.7 %) have a strong desire to reside in their historical home country.

M. Tuxashvili. Principal Tendencies and Socio-Economic Consequences of Labour Emigration of the Population of Georgia. The growth of labour emigration intensity in Georgia is attributed to the profound economic crisis, precipitous fall of the living standards, mass unemployment. The study which was conducted through the method of substitute respondents (over 1300 members of the families of labour emigrants were interviewed) found that the prime cause of emigration is of an economic nature. Over 90 % of the labour emigrants' families who remained in Georgia live below the poverty threshold and in fact they live on cash remittances sent from abroad.

According to the survey labour emigration is directed to Russia (40 %), the USA (14 %), Greece (14 %) and Germany (13,1 %). Out of every ten emigrant four are women. The larger the populated area the higher is the proportion of women among labour emigrants.

The study found that the education level and skill of those who emigrate from Georgia is rather high (the share of labour emigrants with higher education accounted for 44 %). This worsens country's labour resources qualitatively. Their employment in the foreign labour market is extremely discriminative and entirely doesn't correspond to their skill. The realization of the emigrants' high labour potential is very low.

The amount of incomes of the labour emigrants is different by countries and is proportionate to the incomes of the population of those countries. Labour emigrants send their families a fifth (21 %) of their incomes. The average amount of cash remittances ranges within 30-369 USD. Among them the amount sent from the USA accounted for 369 USD, from Russia – 112 USD, from Germany - 122 USD, from Greece 143 USD. The average monthly amount made up 162 US dollars that provides families staying in Georgia with subsistence minimum.

At present the legalization of labour emigration represents one of the most important objectives in state migration policy and it can be achieved through the interstate agreement.

A. Sakhvadze. On the Origins of Demographic Science (To the 330^th Anniversary of John Graunt‘s Death). The article is dedicated to the 300^th anniversary of the English wool trader John Graunt‘s death. John Graunt is considered to be the founder of demography. Its goal is to inform the reading society about John Graunt‘s biography and his scientific merit.

The article deals with various ideas spread in literature about the origin of demography. The author disagrees almost commonly acknowledged outlook on the fact that demography, unlike other sciences, has the exact date of birth which, as it is considered, is the date of publishing John Graunt‘s book: " Natural and political observations mentioned in a following index, and made upon the bills of mortality, by John Graunt citizen of London, with reference to the Government, religion, trade, grow, aire, diseases, and the several changes of the noted city," in London in 1662. In his opinion demography takes its roots from the ancient time, when primitive human beings under the influence of the self-survival instinct, realized the necessity of counting the people having the ability of using arms. As a result of the formation of premises compulsory formulating of demographic science began. Despite the author‘s such views and because of John Graunt‘s merit in demography, the explorer‘s biography and the value of his scientific work is given in the article in details. Besides there are different scientists' views about the work by John Graunt. In the end they believe that "the door" to demographic science "opened" by John Graunt will never close. That‘s why to appreciate the merit of every genuine demographer, among whom John Graunt is one of the first, it is compulsory not to forget their names.

J. Janjgava. Prof. Philippe Gogichaishvili's Demographic Views. Prof. Philippe Gogichaisvili – eminent specialist, public figure and one of the founders of Tbilisi State University made a meaningful contribution to the development of Georgian demographic thought. In 1887-1893 he studied at Tbilisi Theological Seminary. He got higher education in Germany where he studied at the Universities of Munich and Leipzig. After defending his dissertation he earned his scientific degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

In 1900 he dedicated many works and articles to the population problems of Georgia. Namely, the sphere of his research studies covers the issues of population multiplication and education, sex morale, family, population settlement, size of the population in the Caucasus region and some others. His articles generally were printed in the press of that period and aroused particular interest of Georgian society of those times.

It has been past one century since the publication of prof. Philippe Gogichaishvili's articles. Nonetheless his fundamental tenets are actual at the present time. He justly considered that population growth in Georgia having a small number of population was of national importance. At the same time, in our conditions, when the traditional families are in crisis, his principles of "children's decent upbringing and preparation for life represent such private job of a person", which is the most significant and salient issue to the whole society. He deemed the future of Georgian nation in the creation of firm traditional Georgian family.

Prof. Philippe Gogichaishvili through his articles favored the dissemination of demographic education in population. In this respect it should be noted his opinions about timely marriage, sex morale and the issue of family functions. We deem, that P. Gogichaishvili's tenet will be always actual and this is as follows: "no young person who tries to abstain from marriage has moral right to justify himself or herself and abdicate responsibility before the nation on the grounds that as if it is his or her" private affair" and nobody has right to meddle in it.

Prof. Philippe Gogichaishvili's works, articles and principles expressed in them referred to the acute demographic problems of the country of that time; and some of them are actual at present from the standpoint of demographic development of Georgia.

L. Menabdishvili. National Solidity of the Ethnicities Residing in Georgia. Georgians, Azerbaijanis, Russians and Armenians stand out by their national solidities among the ethnicities residing in Georgia. Their solidity rate is 99,95 % - 94,61 %. If this process goes on in this way, non-native ethnicities residing in Georgia will maintain their national selfhood for a long time. Though there are some other ethnicities which assimilate easily with native population. The Russian language is the most easily assimilated. Three ethnicities can be named as an exception – Ossets, Jews and Assyrians. The assimilation process of these languages is observed markedly with the Georgian language. This is due to the survey that was conducted outside the Tskhinvali region.

N. Zakariadze. Influence of Wars and Natural Cataclysms on Demographic Development of Georgia (Since the Ancient Time Up To the End of the 19^th Century). From ancient times data about a population of Georgia data are not available. In VII-I BC centuries Georgians have gone through the big damage. During this period the Georgian population was considerably reduced. In the 20 of VIII the century A.D. Arabs have ruined and have devastated Kartli. Owing to the big intrusion of Turks (1080 y.) a lot of people has been killed, villages and cities were devastated. Along with these wars came natural disasters: in 1088 in Georgia began awful earthquake which proceeded the whole year and has carried in a victim the big fortresses, settlements, cities. Since the first half of the XIV century, after clearing Georgia from Mongolians the big and devastating was intrusion of Iran in 1616 during which Kakheti appeared in ruins, in unequal struggle, has been killed 100 thousand Georgian soldiers, has been as much taken in a captivity in Iran.

Imperial Russia did not carry out contractual positions of the Treatise of 1783. They did not send the limited contingent of soldiers with the purpose of protection of territorial inviolability and against attacks of enemies of Georgia. Therefore in September, 1795 Aga-Mahmad-Khan has won Tbilisi. The enemy has plundered and burnt out of the city.

Thus, wars and natural cataclysms, epidemies, trade in captives, mass hungerstrike were negatively reflected on demographic development of Georgia of XIX. And, multiplication of the Georgian nation began only in XIX century.

M. Khmaladze, E. Menabdishvili. Labour Migration of the Population of Tbilisi. Labour Migration is new, thereby it is a less-studied demographic and economic phenomenon in Georgia. With the goal of studying the noted problem, in Tbilisi we conducted a survey of the families of the labour migrants. The outcome of the survey showed that such a kind of migration is characteristic for the large families (6 and more members). The mean age of labour migrants exceeds the mean age of all migrants 2.4 times. Those migrants who participated in migration processes mostly are with higher education and specialized secondary education. Their share made up 74 % in migration trickles.

The main factor of emigration is unemployment and bad material conditions. 50 % of migrants are unemployed. Despite the migrants' higher education and skill they are employed in low-skilled jobs (89 % of women and 65 % of men).

The main source of the assistance for 31 % of the migrants' families is cash remittances sent from abroad. According to our data labour migrants provide 62.5 % of their family incomes. Labour migration turned out effective for 60 - 70 % of the families. It was found that 51.4 % of the families have improved their food problems through the labour migration and the rest has improved living conditions and so on.

It was also found that effectiveness of migration increases as the length of migrants' presence grows. 64 % of the families whose members had been abroad for one year and 73 % of the families whose members had been abroad for over two years noted that they improved their conditions and situation in families.

A. Totadze, K. Papidze. Weight and Length of Newborns on Delivery According to Their Sex and Mother's Age. The weight of a newborn in the moment of delivery to a considerable extent depends on mother's age, especially in case of pathological childbirth. To study their dependence we have investigated in 2003 in Tbilisi 4152 infants born alive, 166 stillborn and 44 infants died in the early prenatal period. It was manifested in result of the investigation that an average weight of newborns made up 3262 grams. In physiological delivery it was 3302 grams, and in pathological – 176 grams less, i.e. 3126. According to the age group of the infants' mothers an average weight is the least in the infants born by mothers of less than 18 years of age. In premature age pathological delivery (less than 18 years of age), 7,9 % of mothers gives birth to infants of 500 - 1000 grams, when this indicator in 18-24 year age group mothers equals to only 1,7 %. A small weight of newborns influences the level of child mortality in the prenatal period. According to the research an average weight of newborns, who died in the early neonatal period, was only 1259 grams, and of still-borne – 938 grams. In 2003 in Georgia there died 450 infants per each 1000 in the maternity homes in the first 6 days of life, which weighed from 500 to 1000 grams, and only one newborn per each 1000, weighing from 2500 to 4000 grams. The newborns of small weight are often born ill, unhealthy. The weight of delivery essentially influences the rate of newborns' mortality in the early neonatal period.

The newborns' weight is in direct relation with their length – the smaller newborns' weight the least is their length. In physiological delivery an average length of the newborns totaled 49,8 cm, that of stll-borne - 32,2 and the length of newborns, which died in the early neonatal period – 37,2 cm.

The newborns of small weight, even in case of being born mature, have less vital capacity and require more special care, attention than those of big weight.

The results of research showed that a small weight of the baby at delivery is one of the main factors of death-rate of still-borne and those, which die in early neonatal period. The present paper outlines the reasons causing this factor and determines the ways to eradicate them.

I. Apkhaidze, P. Shavishvili. The Tendencies of External Migration according to the Population Census of 2002. The present article discusses the external migration tendencies in Georgia according to the data of The First National Population Census of 2002.

The first part of the article offers a general overview of the migration processes taking place all over the world. It says that 3 percent of the world populations live outside their native countries. It points out those countries to which the most flow of migration is oriented.

The second part of the article analyzes the migration tendencies in Georgia in accordance with the population census data. It says that Georgia was never characterized by intensive external migration processes, bat in last decade the heavy economic recession amplified the mentioned process.

The article provides the data in distribution of emigrants according to main countries, nationality, level of education, causes of departure, age and marriage.

The external migration processes are evaluated negatively in the work. It represents one of our serious problems the causes and consequences of which require systematic investigation and research.

N. Kopaleishvili. Life Expectancy from 1990 to 2002 Years and Its Prospects in Georgia. It must be mentioned that dates connected with life interval, as other demographic dates between census period (1989-2001 years) were counted over again.

At present they are represented in different figures. According to the last data life expectancy were 67,5 year for men and 75, 1 year for women in 1989 in Georgia.

In spite of changes in life expectancy during 1990-2001, its value formed 68.0 year for men and 75.0 year for women in 2002 so comparing to the period of 1989 it was slightly changed. The lowest value was recorded in 1993 64,5 year for men and 73,2 year for women or the level of life expectancy was decreased in 1,5-1,6 year comparing with 1992. These changes were connected with the war in Abkhazia.

Concerning the difference between life expectancy of men and women it formed 7,6 year in 1990 and 7,0 year in 2002 so it was decreased.

General regularity for given period shows that the life expectancy for both men and women has been decreasing till 1994 further it appeared the tendency of its gradual increase.

T. Sinjiashvili. Dynamics of Marriage of the Georgian Population in 1940-2002. After the Second World War in current of the long period before 1961a low level of the factor of marriage was typical of Georgia at the following years this factor was increasing, and falling. These changes were mainly connected with changes the share of the young population in age-sexual structure. The essential reduction in the number of marriages has begun since year 1990, that greatly prevented the country from increase in population. If in 1989 on every 1000 person each 7.0 were getting married, then in 2002 this factor fell till 2,9. In general, it is necessary to note that that political change, which began in 90^th rendered the strong negative influence upon social-economic development of the country that has in turn caused the essential reduction of social-demographic structures of the population. However, we cannot take this process as the main reason of the deterioration of the marriage structure. In its deterioration there is share of structural-demographic factor as well. According to the General Population Census of 2002, 64,6 % of men and 56,8  % of women aged 15 and over are married. In between the last two Censuses (1989-2002) the number of married men aged 16 and over per 1000 persons was reduced from 699 to 662, and women from 609 to 579. Vastly decreased the amount of the people, marrying in the most active marriage age. Increased the average age of the first marriages: for men from 27,0 to 28,4, and for women from 23,7 to 24,8. Indicators for the male and female married populations substantially differ across large administrative-territorial units.

Demography. - Tbilisi - 2004 – № 2 (7) - In Georgian, Russian and English.

1989-2002

According to the General Population Census of 2002 there were 4355.7 thsd. people identified as constituting the present (actual) population and 4371.5 thsd. as the resident population on the territory controlled by the central authorities of Georgia (i.e. excluding the break-away regions of the Autonomous Republics of Abkhazia and the former Autonomous District of South Osetia). Among them, there were 2061.7 thsd. men and 2309.8 thous women. 52.4 % live in cities and towns, while 47.6 % in villages and rural areas.

In the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia, the Population Census was carried out only in Kodori ravine, and in the former Autonomous District of South Osetia - only in villages populated by Georgians such as Large and Small Liakhvi and Akhalgori Rayon (excluding Zakhori and Tsinagara village Sakrebulos). The census does not cover 254 villages in 15 Sakrebulos populated by Osetians, including 110 villages in six village Sakrebulos of Gori (former Tskhinvali Rayon villages), 80 villages of five village Sakrebulos of Kareli Rayon (former Kornisi Rayon villages), 28 villages of two Sakrebulos of Oni Rayon, 36 villages of two Sakrebulos of Akhalgori Rayon.

Using alternative sources of information, and by expert estimation, there were about 230 thsd. people living in break-away regions not under the control of the central authorities of Georgia at the beginning of 2002. Thus, we can calculate that there were actually 4585.7 thsd. people living within the internationally declared borders of Georgia, i.e. 857.6 thsd. people (15.8 %) less than there were in 1989. The resident population amounted to 4601.5 thsd. people, i.e. 799.3 thsd. people (-14.5 %) less than in 1989.

In the 1989-2002 period, the decrease in the population (the average was 6.2 %) was caused by political and socio-economic processes witnessed in the country, problems associated with natural movement of population and intensified migration processes, which have been illustrated by deteriorating demographic indicators.

Size of Resident Population in Urban and Rural Areas According
to Various Censuses
(thsd. person)

^* Size of Resident Population in Urban and Rural Areas According to Various Censuses (thsd.person)

Population by Ethnic Origin*
According to Relevant Census

*     Data is presented for the Georgian territory by the year of Census

**   By data processing programme, data for the years 1926, 1959, 1970 are presented for actual (present population), while those of 1989, 2002 for resident population

*** Before the Census in 2002 Kists were included in the "other" section

 

Demography. - Tbilisi - 2004 – № 3 (8) - 122 p. – In Georgian, Russian and English.

L. Chikava. Classification and Character of Demographic Law Acts. The demographic law acts like the economic acts are divided into three groups: general, private and special.

The general demographic laws act during the whole period of mankind's existence and attract global legitimacy of population reproduction. They include the law of renewing the generation or uninterrupted reproduction of population, in which because of their differences are discussed not separate but all main items and processes of population reproduction that is called as a principle demographic law; the law of demographic transmission; the law of interrupted accretion of population; the law of increasing of average life-time; the law of quantity correlation of genders, etc.

The private demographic laws include the law of expanded simple and contracted population reproduction that reflect special legitimacy of population reproduction.

Special demographic acts of birth reducing, of demographic aging and others differ from each other by their acting on different stages of society.

Characteristic features of demographic acts are objective character, independent determination, cancellation and alterations according to willing and desire of people; participation of man's factor while their acting, absence of relations with public–economic formations.

V. Lordkipanidze. Demographic Losses in Georgia Caused by Slave-Trade. To establish the demographic losses caused by slave-trade, we have determined the duration of this event. It comprises three centuries (1650-1850).

According to the different controversial evidence we possess about annual 10-15, sometimes 12 or 2-3 thousand slaves were taken to Turkey from Samegrelo (West Georgia). On the other part, it was impossible to take annually 10-15 or 12 thousand slaves from Samegrelo. That's why we consider it will be more correct to choose for analysis the least from the different data mentioned above. So, we'll take as real the evidence that annually average 3 thousand slaves were taken from Samegrelo. This way, in our opinion, will make us avoid ungrounded exaggerated demographic losses through trade in slaves.

To expand the statement mentioned above on Imereti and Guria (West Gerorgia), we can suppose that from these parts of Georgia at least 3 thousand slaves were taken annually, more if we consider that the trade in slaves was more spread in Samegrelo.

Therefore, we can say that average 6 thousand slaves were taken annually from Samegrelo, Imereti and Guria. To take into account that slave-trade was not equally intensive over these centuries and it sometimes was suspended over the period mentioned above, to avoid the data exaggeration we think it just to calculate instead on 300 years, on half of this, i.e. 150 years at least. It turns out from such calculation that over three centuries at least 900 000 Georgians were sold (6000 slaves x 150 years = 900 000) from West Georgia.

In East Georgia it is far different to determine demographic losses caused by Lezghians' raids in Georgia. It is difficult because we do not posses specified data on this period, even unreliable evidence. But based on the evidence existing on the period of Lezghians' raids, without any doubt it may be said that average 3000 persons were kidnapped annually from the villages of Kartli-Kakheti, from East Georgia in general. The written sources inform that the Lezghians'raids were systematic and regular in the villages of Kartli and Kakheti. For example, in the second fourth of the 18^th century there was left no village, no region in Kartli-Kakheti, which was not razed, robbed in East Georgia by the Lezghians, in result of which they kidnapped people for captivity. The Lezghians' raids in East Georgia resulted in demographic losses of 450 000 (3000 slaves x 150 years). In total, slave trade in Georgia in 1550-1850 resulted in demographic losses of at least 1350 thousand.

A. Totadze. Globalization and National-Demographic Problems. For millions of people the national interests, national peculiarity was a crucial, key value of their life, human existence. The process of globalization became wider over last ten years, thus taking a global character, carrying more different values than the national ideas. Globalization is based on the values contradicting the national ideas, national interests, national peculiarity, national culture and spirituality are alien to it, though millions of people sacrificed their lives to defend and develop there values.

None of the countries now can live isolated from the single world processes, but at the same time each of these countries strive for preserving specific traits, first of all, in the form of national values. A danger is felt of rejecting national values, of gradual uprooting of these traits, for which the nation is worth existing. Global, robbed of national features spiritual values are occupying the stage of life. It is now felt already that life becomes monotonous and the process of globalization will finally show more severely the need of implementing this process.

At the same time, the demographic problems become more intensive in the process of globalization, moreover for the small-numbered nation. Each country should elaborate its own conception of demographic security and harmonize it with inevitable process of world globalization, promote to compliance of globalization with national interests.

A demographic balance between the individual countries and nations keeps breaking. It's enough to point that the population of only 11 countries, the amount of which exceeds 100 million, is 61,2 % of the world population and 37,6 % only in China and India. Unfortunately, this tendency is more keener when depopulation of the population started in European and some other countries.

The world globalization is not interested in the prospects of development of the aboriginal population in individual countries, neither in their ethnic and cultural problems. It is most interested in the final results caused by the global process, which makes more complicated the development of the most direst demographic situation in some countries in a desirable direction. Unless the emergency measures are adopted in some countries, there will arise a real jeopardy of their existence. The amount of each successive demographic generation considerably reduces. If the fertility coefficient (the average amount of born infants by one mother over the life-time) is less than 2,10, it points to the beginning of the depopulation. According to the data of UN on 185 countries this coefficient is less than 2,10 in 66 countries. The most threatening situation is in Europe. Except Albania, the process of depopulation is most distinctly expressed in the European countries. The situation is most different in the African countries, in which a fertility coeficient exceeds 5,0. A sharp difference is noticed in developed, less developed and the least developed countries, where a fertility coefficient is 1,50; 2,92 and 5,24 respectively.

The world globalization is most interested in having no uninhabited, unmastered space in economic "landscape" of the world. It is not important for the world globalization the ethnic origin, national traits of the labour force but the force itself, its professional, business traits. In such a situation, naturally, it is not interested in the regime of the population re-reproduction either, but more in the amount of the population in mastering this economic space, in setting to motion the resources existing in this economic space which globalization requires.

The modern means of travel and mass media made the world as if smaller. In case the national values are not preserved in the process of globalization, the human beings will become smaller, weaker and the eternal question concerning the essence, origin and designation of the human being will have its answer in the sphere of spiritual and moral decline.

J. Janjgava. Demographic Viewpoints of Academician Paata Gugushvili. Academician Paata Gugushvili was a multi-profile scientist of great range. He started his scientific activities in the period when he was still a student. He has not suspended them till his death, for nearby 60 years, working hard and faithfully. As an economist, P. Gugushvili conducted research in many fields of economic science, but sphere of his interests was far wider. He left deep trace in the development of Georgian journalism, sociology and bibliography. The last twenty years of his life were spent mostly in the sphere of demographic science. Earlier he published important works in regard to the problems of historical demography. In his doctorate work "Colonization of Georgia and Transcaucasus in the 19^th century", P. Gugushvili highlighted the role of migration in the economic development of the country. It was the first attempt of explaining different rate of national movement in various nationalities, etc. He was the first who studied the reasons causing trade with slaves, its scales and demographic results.

Among the works written by acad. P. Gugushvili on demographic problems his monograph "The Issues of Re-reproduction of the Population of Georgian SSR" (1973) is of special importance. The monograph tackles the following: the process of population reproduction, birth rate and death-rate, natural growth, national content, sex-age structure, urbanization, marriage and divorce, family and other demographic problems. It's also of great importance, his work on "Population of Georgia over 160 years (1800-1959)". The work uses new methods and, what's important, the then current events and the processes are correctly seen, which were ongoing over the whole century and a half, the amount of the population and national composition in Georgia have been calculated. Acad. P. Gugushvili dedicated several other works to the demographic problems as well. He had largely contributed to elaboration and introduction of the Georgian demographic terminology.

K. Disenbakher. Repatriation and Integration of Meskhetians? The post-socialistic power of Georgia, in line with changing the State Ruling System, has expressed its desire of integration with the European political structures. In 1999 Georgia became the first Caucasian State integrated in the Council of Europe. Thus, the country has undertaken number of obligations, including the international-and-legal treaty concerning Repatriation and Integration of Meskhetians displaced by force and of their descendants to Georgia. As a matter of fact, number of problems to this end is still unresolved both by Georgian State and the Meskhetians. As to Georgia, it seems to be ready to create certain pre-conditions, but in parallel, it has some well-grounded national, regional and cultural arguments, which are in contradiction with the repatriation and integration-related matters. There is a rather limited number of Georgians who openly express their positive opinion regarding the problem of repatriation, while a vast majority of the country's population is categorically against. Even the Meskhetians have controversial approaches to the problem.

According to the preliminary studies, the treaty with the Council of Europe is made "in-hurry" and thus, cannot reflect realistic information concerning the above problem. There exist no clear demographic data on Meskhetians, their number is unknown. The treaty fails to provide an exact number of those wishing to return to Georgia, intellectual rights and interests of Meskhetians require to be specified.

The article is devoted to the motivation of returning or non-returning of Meskhetians in Georgia, highlights 5 hypotheses, that should be checked up empirically and, the problem should be answered through both the quantitative and qualitative analysis, with using the experts interviewing method.

M. Khmaladze, N. Akhalaia. Some Aspects of Self-preservation Behavior of Population. The behavior factors that have been realizing in keeping of health and make self-preservation behavior of population take an important place in decreasing of death rate. Studying this type of behavior is available by sociological research. In this work we propose for discussion the new concept "Behavior lifetime" determination of which has been calculated in accordance with medium arithmetic of ideal, desirable and expectable lifetime.

According to researches women are more pessimistic concerning lifetime than men. However, in reality everything is on the contrary. It appeared that as far as financial welfare of a family is high, as well as the income from each member of it, their employment and accommodation conditions are high so the ideal, desirable and expectable data of lifetime are high. It also appeared that men appreciate their own health higher than women do. The men usually keep their health by diet, ordered sleep and sport. As for the women they keep their health by ordered sleep, regular medical examinations and diet. They draw less attention to sport. It is on the last place in their active lifestyle.

According to researches it is obvious that the rate and regularity of keeping their health depends on peoples' level of education. The single people keep more active their self-preserved behavior than the engaged people.

A. Sakhvadze. The Health Care According to the Separate Social-Demographic Parameters. This article is about the elimination-demographic research that was conducted in Tbilisi on the grounds of population's self-preservation behavior's study of such important component as the self-health care. In it was differentially considered the answers of 388 respondents about their health-care, sex, age, marital state, education, family financial position and housing conditions.

In the article, according to the appropriate analysis was resolved, that:

• critical age limit, in the result of which happens unequal change in the health worsening, is about 35 years;
• measures necessary to the improvement of self-preservation behavior must be differentiated according to the age groups;
• in spite of the marital state, education level and family financial position, women are less radical in the health self-appraisal than men, though in a bad financial position radicalism grows also in women's health self-appraisal;
• for the beginning of the health care the best age is 23-24, in women's opinion, the beginning of the health care is necessary earlier, than in men's opinion;
• unmarried are more indifferent in their health and are distinguished more negatively to their self-preservation than married ones.

Against background of the growth of the educational level grows the positive consideration for the beginning of the health care, and such consideration is appreciable only in conditions of low educational level among men.

A. Sulaberidze. About the between Type Population Reproduction and between Phase Transitional Period. In the article it's discussed the theoretical methodological aspect of the between type population reproduction and between phase transitional period.

The author doesn't acknowledge the existence of internal type of population reproduction. As it seems to him while this or that type it's already formed the demographical behaviour characterized to this type, but by content of existing of the interval type, at that time it may be as old, as the separate elements characterized to new type of demographic behaviour. Therefore the above mentioned period performance not as internal type but as the transitional period of between type population reproductions. Its continuance depends on the existed political and social-economical circumstances in the country and region.

It's proved that like the transitional period of between type population reproduction there exists the between phase transitional period as well. The movement from phase to phase doesn't happen spontaneous; the movement from phase to phase runs of qualitative transformation of demographic system which needs distinct time and which represents the between phase transitional period. Secret and open. The first of them is characteristic of demographic system evolution, the second is while the revolutionary transformation and partly depends to the political circumstances existed in the country.

There are given different criterions of the between type population reproduction and of the between phase transitional period.

V. Lordkipanidze, A. Totadze. Demographic Problems of Georgia at the Modern Stage. A demographic condition in the country is most dire. The birth rate reached its critical limit. Death rate increases. There grows a number of one-child families. The first child share considerably increases in the total amount of the newborns, growing from 31,5 % to 53,5 % in 1965-2001.

46 605 children were born in 2002 instead of 92 815 in 1990. Thus, in 12 years the birth rate reduced exactly by twice. The birth rate modern parameters are nearly twice less than the generation change requires. The birth rate coefficient is considerably low and one child, i.e. a compensation of only one parent takes place. Over last 40 years important reduction is noticed in the net coefficient of the population reproduction and it made up 0,667 instead of 1,194, which means that only 667 girls come to replace each 1000 mother.

Over last years there gradually grows a share of deaths among the able-bodied age group. 69,0 % of them are males. In 2002 there died 8 237 persons in the age of 15-59, among them: 5711 males, i.e. 2,3 times more than females.

Reduction in birth rate causes decrease of children's share in the total amount of the population and, respectively, aging of the population. This was mostly the reason causing 8,9 % of the share of deaths of people over 65 in 1989 in the entire population. In 2003 this indicator was 13,1 %.

A present reduction of population is caused by zero natural increase and intensive emigration. This process in the post-Soviet countries was conducted most sharply in Georgia. In the periods among the last censuses (1989-2002) each fifth resident of Georgia left the country.

The article presents measures for improving the demographic situation in Georgia.

J. Janjgava. Development of Demographic Idea in Post-Soviet Georgia. The acute political, economic and social problems of the transitional, post-Soviet period made the dire demographic situation in Georgia far more complicated. Among the demographic problems arisen in the country at the present stage there were outlined two major complex problems: birth rate was reduced to a critical limit and the emigration processes became intensive.

It should be mentioned that in 1960-1964 there were born 507 000 infants in Georgia, in 1986-1990 - 469 000 and in last five years (1998-2002)  - 243 000, i.e. as compared with the previous five-year periods the amount of newborns reduced by half. In the same periods the natural growth of population made up 362 000, 235 000 and 8 000 respectively. That means that natural growth has in fact stopped - the amount of born and dead coincided, became equal. In addition, in result of emigration processes each fifth resident of Georgia left for abroad to live. Such a demographic situation caused the Georgian demographers turn their attention to the problems of birth rate and migration problems. Reproductions of the population and migration problems were responded by publication of monographs and many works.

Development of demographic idea in Georgia of the post-Soviet period was promoted by the formation of the institute of demography and social analysis in the system of Georgian Academy of Science, foundation of the demography department at Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University and formation of demography department in the Ministry of Health of Georgia.

E. Menabdishvili. Remarriages in Georgia. We have studied remarriages in Georgia on the basis of statistical information on registered marriages, it was found in Georgia registered marriage for the absolute majority of married couples was first. The mean age of remarriages is higher than of the first marriages. Divorcees exceed the windowed persons in remarried couples. Mainly unmarried, divorced and widowed persons participate in remarriage. Most of all, unmarried divorced and widowed persons prevail among married couples.

V. Sulaberidze. About the Latest Type of the Second Demography Movement and Making the Popular Registration. In the article there are discussed the separate views of demographists about the second demography. The author doesn't share their views and themes (it seems to him) that nowadays in the world's demographically developed countries, like the depopulation there is going making registration of the latest type of formation, and it's giving the views of foreign demographists about the above mentioned theme.

The author agrees to A. Sulaberidze's opinion about the existence of the between phased transitional period at all, and therefore thinks that once more like European countries from the 1980s, from the 1990s some postcommunist countries have joined from the modern type of making registration to the nearest one among the type of transitional period and not from the third modern type to the fourth phase of transitional period.

He grounds that latest type of making registration of population performs like depopulation.

It's argued about the main point of depopulation to Georgian colleges, there is given an interpretation as making registration of population on the latest type of development phases.

E. Menabdishvili, M. Khmaladze. Dynamic of Armenian People, Political and Cultural Orientations in Georgia. In XX century the Armenians were on the second place after Georgians in Georgia. In post- Soviet period their number became decreasing because of migration and they appeared fewer than the Georgians and Azerbaijanians in Georgia. Migration made influence on Armenians' gender and age structure. Their population is the vastest in Samtskhe-Javakheti (45-5 %), in Tbilisi – (31.17 %) and in Kvemo Kartli (12.7 %)

According to birth rate they are behind the Kists, Azerbaijanians, Yezids, Greeks and Ossetians. At the same time the birth rate in villages is much higher than in cities. In accordance with last records the outlook data of the Armenian children are only behind of the Kists, Azerbaijanians and Yezids data.

According to sociological research among the Armenians of Samtskhe-Javakheti they have great interest and informational unity to their historical motherland. Their real and desirable communications, as a rule, are mono-ethnic. They often desire to communicate to Georgians, Russians and Greeks rather than with other nationalities. They are less willing to communicate with Azerbaijanians. They have strong foreign political communications with Russia but they are against communications with Turkey.

Most of the non-Georgian nationalities positively appreciate the conditions that provide keeping of their originality. They also highly appreciate the Georgian people's attitude to the language, culture, customs and traditions of the non-Georgian people.

N. Chanturia. The Poverty and Reproductive Behavior of Women in Georgia. At the end of the XX century negative social-economical and political changes took place. As the result of it the employment of the population reduced sharply, the level of life fell down that had an effect on the demographic situation of the country: the birth rate fell down, the death rate increased in all the age structures.

The main task of this work is, having studied the women of fertility age to reveal their reproductive establishment and behavior how much the temp of childbearing between them depends on the level and life condition and what is the opportunity of increasing of life level at population.

It turned out, that the population has the reproductive reserve: if the level of life will improve, the birth rate will improve too.

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