Caucasian Messenger. - Tbilisi - 2005 – № 11 -270 p. – Bibl. at the end of each article. – In Georgian, Russian and English languages.
T. Simashvili. From Terrorism to Terrorist War. The article represents the stages of the development of terror in the 20th century. The causes of formation of Vahabism as an ideology of the international Islamic Terrorism are considered.
The terrorism became a new form of war between the countries.
I. Jalagania. Classification of Criminality and Criminals and Main Criminological Characteristics. The article examines the theoretical and methodological approaches of the classification and typology of criminality. It also considers the main criminological characteristics which precondition the deviant behavior of the person in definite time and space. While measuring the statistic data of international criminality the author provides the analysis of the factual criminality events on the basis of critical approach to the methods. He provides the examples of the Georgian reality. These are the events that are not included in the observation area of the appropriate bodies and thus are regarded to latent part of the social event. On the basis of the Criminality and Criminal's classification and the main criminological characteristics, considered and generalized in the article, the author proves that the criminal is the event characterizing all kinds of social- economic and political system. Besides the general "permanent" causes of these events, there are the specific causes resulting from historical, economical, political or social conditions and some individual conditions among them.
G. Mskhiladze. Irony as a Basic Rhetorical Means of the Socratean Majevtics. From the standpoint of antiquity, the term irony expresses consciousness operating with the forms of expression totally opposite to the expressed idea. In other words, a verbal form is always contradictory to the idea the expression of which this form accomplishes. The forms of expression always contradict the expressed idea. The irony of antiquity has a definite purpose serving the manifestation of some sublime purpose. The idea here has the prime significance and value. And this idea is always greater and more important than the form of its expression, however perfect it may be. So is with Plato, and so is with Aristotle. Plato, reasoning from his philosophical theses, once more emphasizes the fact that the ideal spiritual world actively affects human consciousness and determines basic parameters of its existence. And with Aristotle, irony is the basic characteristic trait and means of expression of the perfection of a free human being. The above characterized "seriousness" in the antiquity consciousness doesn't prevent irony from being playful by its nature. It is a powerful tool for the aesthetic world outlook characteristic of an ironic person. And finally, the following must be noted - in the epoch of antiquity irony and Socrates represented the notions so inseparable that they had never been comprehended and imagined apart. Irony was connected with the name of Socrates so closely that when Socrates was spoken about, there always, even on the intuitive level, was implied irony, and vise versa - during studies on irony this notion always was mostly identified with the name of Socrates.
I. Skhirtladze. The Distribution of Bumblebee Types (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in High-Mountain Belt of Caucasus. The investigation showed that the meadow types of Bumblebee fauna prevail in the Armenian uplands and northern slopes of Caucasus (3/4 of its fauna). In the other parts of Greater Caucasus less than a half of this amount of Bumblebees are dwelling. In the Armenian uplands the mountainous forest element of the fauna is reduced substantially. 1/4 of Bumblebees types are those of forest slopes of Greater Caucasus. In the Steppes of Armenian uplands there is less variety of Bumblebees fauna (1/4 of Bumblebees fauna). In the foothills of Greater Caucasus Steppes 1/3 of the Bumblebees fauna type is that of the forest slopes of Greater Caucasus.
M. Mshvildadze. Tendency to Monotheism. In the work, on the example of different worships is considered a significant process in the life of the late-ancient period, which was expressed in the tendency to monotheism (both male and female divinities were subjected to merging). The widespread in the basin of Mediterranean coast epithet ''YyistoV, which was used for designation of such called supreme Deity, is analyzed as well. As a result of study author comes to a conclusion, that tendency to monotheism is one thing, but the breaking all connections with paganism and recognition of the one supreme Deity - is absolutely other. In spite of the tendency to monotheism no case of monotheism germination on the basis of polytheism was noted in the late-ancient period.
D. Kldiashvili. Chronology of the Father-Superiors of the Holy Cross Monastery in Jerusalem According to the Sinai Synodikon (15th C.). Several layers of commemorations of the Father Superiors of the Holy Cross Monastery in Jerusalem, from the 11th including the 15th century, are preserved in the Synodikon of Georgian church on Sinai (Sin. 77). The commemorations of the Father Superiors of the Holy Cross monastery are introduced into special section of the main text as well as into the other sections and commemorations of Synodikon. The section intended for Patriarchs of Kartli and Abkhazeti contains commemoration of the builder of the Holy Cross Monastery and its first Father Superior Giorgi-Prokhore (fol.197r), inserted in the Synodikon on purpose. The fact confirms once more the importance and the leading role of Holy Cross Monastery in the life of Georgian community in Palestine and the Sinai. As for the hegumenoi that succeeded Phrokhore beginning from the 11th to the 13th-14th centuries, there is a special section for their commemoration in the chronicle under the title: "For the Commemoration and for Departed Father Superiors of the Holy Cross Monastery" (197v). Besides, there is a commemoration of 14th century Father Superior of the Holy Cross Joseph inserted to the main text after the commemoration of Archbishops (196v). This commemoration seems to be the contemporary to the commemorations of Pimen Matq'vereli (bishop of Atsq'uri, later hegumenos of the Holy Cross monastery) and the circle of his relatives. Basing on these and other material I dated the Synodikon of Sinai as back as the first decade of the 15th century. There are the commemorative records of the Father Superiors that were introduced after the chronicle had been written into the Synodikons of various layers. They contain the information concerning the Hegumenoi of the Holy Cross Monastery by the turn of the 15th-16th cc. Kaikhosro/Christephore Zedgenisdze (195v-196r) and Daniel Nikozeli (Bishop of Nikozi) (198v).
Due to the luck of the historical sources the chronology of the Father-Superiors of the Holy Cross Monastery was not fully established in the scholarly literature (E. Metreveli, E. Mamistvalashvili). In the chronological order of the Holy Cross Monastery Hegumenoi of this period presumably dated are: Ioane (sedcond quarter of the 15th c.), Christephore Zedginisdze (mid-15th c.), and Daniel Nikozeli (second half of the 15th c.)
Taking into view the given historical sources on the Father Superiors of the Holy Cross monastery in the 15th century, we assume that Daniel Nikozeli must have become the Abbot after Pimen Mastq'vereli, in the 20'ies of the 15th century (the upper time boundary is the beginning of the 60'ies); The epigraphic and documental data played a decisive role in defining the years of the activity of the Father Superior Ioane succeeded Pimen and preceded Christefore. The data mentioned above are the painted inscription of the donor portrayal of Father Superior of the Holy Cross monastery and Archibishop of Kartli Ioane Kvitasshvili in the church of the Virgin in Betlevi in Racha dated 1493, and the document given by George as a reward to the Oralelidze-Kvitashvilis - hieromonk Ioane and his brothers in the last times of the existence of the united Georgian kingdom, in 1463 (Qd-9021). Depending on these data, the eleven-year-long period of Ioane Kvitasshvili's activity as the Father Superior of Holy Cross monastery in Jerusalem is supposed to embrace the period of the 70's to 80's of the 15th century up to the beginning of the 1490'ies. It follows that Daniel Nikozeli could have become the Father Superior of the Holy Cross monastery after Pimen Matsq'vereli in the period that followed the 10's of the 15th century (or, at the latest, at the be beginning of the 60'ies). As for Kaikhosro/Cristephore Zedgenisdze, he must have been the hegumenos of the Holy Cross monastery before Beena Choloq'ashvili or after him; so Christephore Zedgenisdze could have been the Father Superior of the monastery on the turn of the 16th century or the first third of the 16th century.
Sh. Ramishvili. The Democratic Republic of Georgia as an Object of Interest of Italian Politics (1919). Depending on the primary sources in the work is discussed the issue, that the Georgian Democratic Republic was really the object of political interest of Italy. Italy was interested in establishing mandate protectorate on Georgia, as well as in its natural resources and cooperetion in trade and commerce. Georgia also was interested in close relations with Italy and in financial-economical support from it. Exchange of extraordinary missions between these two countries proved this interest. True, establishing mandate protectorate didn't pass limits of diplomatic negotiations because of different reasons, but the arrival of Italian mission in Georgia still had an importance in terms of business and politics.
O. Chikovani, N. Jikia. A Painful Papers of History (Armenia-Georgia's war in 1918). Part Two. In the beginning of the 20th century, demographic expansion of non-Georgian population gains wider disposition in Georgia. Especially, Armenians became active. In 1915-1916 years, on the premise of Armenian depopulation in Turkey, a huge flow of Armenian refugees entered again in Georgia. Their aim was to settle here and to get hold of Georgian historical territories. In such Armenian aspiration, the leading role had "Dashnaktsutsuni's" party. That's why restoring Georgian state independence turned out to be in acceptable for them. Yet, in October of 1918, they tried their forces. Without declaring a war, all of a sudden, Armenian armed forces attacked by surprise on our country and occupied certain part of the territory in Kvemo Kartli. In the result of the measures taken by Georgian authority, had stopped to stop war actions. But Armenians continued to find the cause to begin the war and key finally succeeded.
A. Mgebrishvili. For Some Questions of School Life in Samachablo. From the beginning of the 19th century, the inhabitants of Tskhinvali region often asked to Russian government to open the schools in the region, but government was absolutely passive on such case. In spite of such kind of condition, it was impossible to stub the necessity of education out of people's consciousness. Very soon the foundation for opening the first schools got ready. When we say first school we mean 1881, but we should mention that Ana Amilakhvari opened boarding -school even in 1875.
A. Mgebrishvili. Towards the Important Moments of the Scientific Life of the 20th Century in Tskhinvali. A distinguished researcher of problematic questions of linguistics Sh. Gaprindashvili is one of the important figures among the heads of the Chair of Georgian Language and literature of Tskhinvali Pedagogical Institute. During his work at Tskhinvali Pedagogical Institute Sh. Gaprindashvili was investigating a Dargwa language of the Daghestanian language group. It's impossible to speak about the problems of scientific research in Tskhinvali not mentioning the great mite of acad. G. Akhvlediani.
T. Kandelaki. "KGB" and "Prague Spring". Events that took place in Czechoslovakia and known under the name of "Prague Spring" were the first try to humanize the socialism in this country. The democratic changes executed local reforms under the leadersip of Alexander Dubcheck were referred as a threat to the whole socialist team. Fearing that overthrowing of the regime and its separation from the Warsaw Treaty would push other countries to make a similar step, the Soviet Union Communist Politic Bureau made a decision to intrude into Czechoslovakia on August 21, 1968 under the name of international help. After 1956 famous events in Hungary this was the first try of the Soviet Union to suppress democratic moves within the socialist team. These moves made their traces in the Soviet Union political development and finally found its realization in the derision of the Soviet Empire. The event of the "Prague Spring" is still the object of interest for the countries included in these occasions.
L. Shilakadze. The Historical and Geographical Aspects of the Cities of France. In this article it' s discussed the particularities of the foundation and development of the cities of France from the ancient times till the First World War. Here are presented those principal indexes that provides the foundation of the cities in the country and their specific function
By their economical-geographical location, functional property production profile and historical development it is researched and grouped the following types of cities: antique, roman, feudal and bourgeois epoch. According to the number of historical-geographical factors, they became the huge port , military, resort, religion, financial and political citadels.
V. Peradze. Soviet-Chinese Relations in 1949-1953. In 1949, after the end of the civil war and establishing of the communists' power in China, the relations between the Soviet Union and China reached a new phase. The establishment of friendly links with China became one of the main priorities of the Soviet foreign policy. In December 1949, by the invitation of the Soviet authorities, the government delegation of the People's Republic of China, headed by Mao Zedong, visited Moscow, and stayed in the Soviet capital till February 15, 1950. Mao was received by Stalin, head of the Soviet Union. As the result of their negotiations, the agreement upon friendship and mutual assistance between the two countries was signed. In accordance with it, the Soviet Union would give China great economic, financial, military and cultural assistance. After the war in Korea (1950-1953), China appeared in the international isolation. This factor influenced the acceleration of the process of its linkage to the Soviet Union. In the last years of Stalin's life, the relationships between him and Mao were noticeably cooled. The Soviet Union accused Mao in violating some dogmas of the Marxist-Leninist learning. In 1953, after Stalin's death, N. Khrushchev became the Soviet leader. His and Mao's relationships did not have a good start, causing the gradual worsening of the situation and since the early 1960's, and the break of the links between the two countries.
D. Gegechkori. The Two Less Known Paragraphs of the Declaration of Independence. On July 4, 1776 the Continental Congress took the Declaration of Independence which served as the sign of establishing of a new state - the USA. According to the order of the Continental Congress the special committee containing five members, began working on the Manifest of Independence. The members of the above mentioned committee gave the responsibility to Thomas Jefferson, who perfectly got round to the given duty. He established three main goals for the authority: "Life, Independence and Eagerness for Happiness." The most part of the declaration contains the naming of the crimes committed by the English parliament and the king against the colonies. The Declaration of Independence was several times changed before its ratification. To make it more concrete the declaration was entirely accepted except for the two paragraphs, out of which one was somehow changed and another completely withdrawn. The changed paragraph contained the claims against English people and as the authors of the reforms had some hopes for England, they didn't intend to make English friends angry. As for the withdrawn paragraph it deals with the problematic question - abolition of the slave trade.
In his memoirs Thomas Jefferson wrote: "They have deleted the paragraph because of the king of England and South Carolina, as they both tried their best to maintain the slavery and trading by the colored people." After three days of debates, on July 4 the Congress approved the Declaration of Independence.
D. Kukhalashvili. Creation and Formation of Service of a State Security of Georgia 1918-1921. The article deals with the creation and activity of the Security office of the Democratic Republic of Georgia. It is marked, that the foreign states have created on Caucasus on behalf of Armenia and Azerbaijan the satellite-states. Together with it, murders, robberies, plunder and destruction of personal and state property, larceny and gamble had become frequent. The alliance of government officials with the criminal world has become stronger. In August, 1918 the government of the Democratic Republic Georgia has been compelled to create "Special Detachment" at the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In January, 1921 on the basis of special group management of "Special Detachment" has been based. According to the archival documents and the Georgian press of that time management of "Special Detachment" on the basis of the operative information and material evidences had arrested 513 agents, for limits of the country 8749 criminals had been sent. "The special Detachment" accepted active participation in formation and strengthening of institutions of the local government.
E. Gegechkori. New Painting Trends in Georgian Painting of the Second Half of the 18th and the Beginning of the 19th Centuries. The paper deals with the political and cultural situation in the history of Georgia between the period of the second half of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. It was the most important epoch from the point of view of changes, when the country redirected its political orientation. Close relations with Russia promoted penetration of European culture into Georgia. Though, the fact remains that the influence of west European culture still reached the east by various means. It should also be mentioned that Catholic missionaries merit is remarkable as well. That was one of the straight sources subject to spreading European culture in Georgia. In this connection, trade relations with foreign countries were important as well. That helped to the interrelation of the cultures. Since the second half of the 18th century relations with Europe acquired more active characters. Russia became the main line for Georgia. Thus European cultural traditions began entering Georgia. The lighting cultural activities of Georgian colonies in Moscow and Petersburg contributed greatly to the development of the country. West European and Russian new trends of painting are clearly reflected in the late middle ages of Georgian monumental (Anchiskhati and Bodbe paintings ) and easel paintings, such as portraits of Georgian kings and noblemen.
N. Kapanadze. The Archaeological Material of the Middle Ages from the Castle Itskisi. The castle of the middle ages Itskisi is situated in the east part of the West Georgia, in Imereti region. There were excavated two archaeological levels around the Itskisi castle and were discovered archaeological materials, which are belonged of the middle ages. There are discovered three groups of the archaeological materials dated of 6th-8th cc. 11th-14th cc. and 18th cc.
Kh. Managadze. The Problem of Church Mode in "The Canon of Repentance" by St. Andrew the Cretes. The issues connected with church 8 modes system don't lose their actuality regarding to any direction of church music resserch processes. The mode seems to be complex category. It is vividly seen in studying heirmoses after St. Andrew of Crete's ''The Canon of repentance''. After three centuries of its creation, in the shortest period of time, three different translations were made by the outstanding Georgian acclesiastic figures Euthymius (955-1038) and George (1009-1065) the Athonites and Arsen the Monk (11th-12th centuries). Besides comparing with the original, the Georgin versions of the three Greek texts have shown characteristics of the church modes of that time. The aim of this research is to identify the importance of 8 modes in Georgian church practice.
T. Belashvili. On Two Versions of the "Abesalom and Eteri" According to Soliko Virsaladze's Scenography. Soliko Virsaladze's creations represent an important stage in the history of the Georgian and Soviet scenography of the 20th century. Numerous opera and ballet performances were designed by him both in Georgia and abroad (on the scenes of Moscow, St. Petersburg and other towns). The paper deals with the scenography of Z. Paliashvili's opera Abesalom and Eteri staged in 1956 (by M. Tumanishvili) and in 1971 (by G. Meliva) made by him at the Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Theatre. On the basis of the sketches, photographic material, media and small research data came down to us, it is possible to imagine in general the real scenes of these performances. This gives us the opportunity to judge not only on creative features of the artist but also on general regularities characteristic for Georgian theatrical-decorative art of that period on the example of opera performances. Both versions of Abesalom and Eteri offered by Soliko Virsaladze belong to the most significant phenomena of Georgian culture of not so far past.
L. Sikharulidze. Let's Rescue the Unique Manuscript. The article deals with the method of conservation and restoration of the unique Georgian manuscript "Mokvi Gospel" by means of "СЭВ", which is widely used in the big Russian restoration centres. 12 miniatures and the coloured layer of 8 initial letters, have been fastened.
M. Mnatobishvili. Importance of Musical Composition in Sports Acrobatics. Experiments carried out by us proved that during the formation of acrobatic compositions the specific acrobatic variants should be envisaged. According to the observations the success of musical arrangement greatly depends on general musical knowledge of trainer, choreographer and a sportsman and it is much more effective when folk music and songs are used as a musical background. Practical work showed that during musical composition formation should be chosen according to the sportsmen's taste, age, temper, temperament and technical readiness.
O. Zhgenti. National and Social Problems in the Georgian Cinema. The article deals with the relations of an outstanding Georgian writer and philosopher Gr. Robakidze with Georgian cinematography. The issue has not been properly studied yet. The author of the article researches some peculiarities of Robakidze's philosophic and aesthetic way of thinking, symbolic and mythological elements of his "creative laboratory", that has affected on the semantic structure of the Georgian cinema of 20'ies of the 20th century, namely, a popular film "Eliso" based on the Alexander Kazbegi's story.
S. Chitorelidze. Kuznetsovs' - Russian's Court Suppliers Ceramic Products in Georgia. In the XVIII century porcelains became popular at Georgian Court. Georgian kings gained ceramic products from foreign firms. But in XIX century for representatives of high society became tradition to order vessels in famous enterprises. Among foreign factories on special place were Russian products. Kuznecovs' firms, especially Dulevo's factory, in the end XIX century and in the beginning of XX century was placed among these famous enterprises, which differed by the plurality of ordered goods. Georgian nobility and even representatives of low society ordered high quality products to very Dulevo factory. For example Kuznecovs' Dulevo's enterprise porcelain vessels were ordered by such famous patrimonial representative, as is Ekaterine Chavchavadze from Dadian's family. From artistic point of view vessels defended among professor Begiashvili's family things is also interesting. Nina Demurishvili ordered vessels to Dulevo's factory. On these ordered porcelains except stamps, there always are represented the orders' patrimonial arms and monograms.
I. Kruashvili. Adjective Quasi-Composites in the German Language. In the article it is illustrated such problem in German word-formation as adjective quasi-composites. Quasi-composites are considered to be the composites with an affixoid. Adjective quasi-composites play a great role in the richening of the vocabulary of the German language and occupy quite a large place aside to the symplexes, composites and derivates.
The various word-formative meanings of adjective quasi-composites are characterized in the article. Namely, between them there is distinguished the semes expressing emphasis, negative evaluation, existence / non-existence, ability, correspondence, inclination, as well as temporal semes. Because of the many-sided use of adjective quasi-composites their study is a very important and urgent matter. This is the actuality of the theme and the expediency of the publication of the article.
D. Korshia. Role of Foreign Elements in German Word-Formation. In the article there is discussed the role of foreign elements in German word-formation. The combined word-formative constructions are characteristic: complex words formed with German basis and foreign affixes, also the ones formed with foreign basis and German affixes. There are cited the cases of parallelism of German and foreign word-formative elements and there is shown how the foreign element is integrated into the German language by the influence of the German element.
L. Kobalia. Structural and Semantic Analyses of the Text-Report. The given article is actual from the point of view of text linguistics. It is maintained that the temporal structure of the reporting is conditioned by the interaction between its functional-purport types and tense-forms.
T. Jojua. For the Effectiveness of Conditional / Subjunctive Mood Teaching at EFL Department. Some methods of formation of the Conditional / Subjunctive Mood and terminological differences among linguists concerning these forms are analysed in the given article. The Georgian analogues of the discussed grammatical phenomenon are presented. The Form and the content of Conditional / Subjunctive Mood are characterised with the extreme complexity, hence not only the non-native learners but the native ones deliberately avoid their frequent usage productively. Teaching these forms is generally directed to the receptive habits and skills.
M. Beltadze. Psycholinguistic Peculiarities of Teaching Foreign Language to Senior Adults. Social-political changes that take place in our country have caused the rising demand of mastering oral speech of foreign language. The psycholinguistic facts which have the grate importance for learning English language will help senior adults to master the sufficient level of the English language in the shortest time possible.
L. Ratiani. The Problem of Comparison among Synonyms and Antonyms in German Language. In spite of contradiction of characters, antonymy is often contemplated in connection with synonymy. It's well known that one of the principal characters of antonymy is its interaction with synonyms. To open the essence of antonymy there exist quite an actual problem which requires investigating its relation towards analogous phenomena in the contradictory plan.
N. Lataria. Towards the Genre of the Unfinished Works "Beau-monde of Georgia" and "The Wheel of Life" by A. Qazbegi. The work presents the analysis of the genre of unfinished works "Beau-monde of Georgia" and "The Wheel of Life" by A. Qazbegi. The history of studing of novels and literary theorists points of view on stories are also presented.Thus it is substantiated that "Beau-monde of Georgia" and "The Wheel of Life" are unfinished novel.
E. Chkoidze. Towards the Origin of the Ioane of Athonite. The question on an origin of one of the founders of the monastery on the Mount Athos - Ioane (in the world Tornike) is considered in the article. The Belgian orientalist and expert of the Old-Georgian sources Peeters being based on one detail from the "Life of Ioane and Euthimius" by Giorgi of Athonite, has come to conclusion, that Ioane-Tornike was the aristocrat of the Armenian origin. This idea was completely divided by known Armenian researcher N. Adonts and as the additional argument has resulted Armenian inscription on the stone cross of the 11th century which in scholar's opinion was made by Ioane-Tornike. The certificates of historical sources resulted in clause and opinions of some known researchers on this question deny a hypothesis of both scientists. Hence, there is no basis to doubt of Ioane's Georgian origin.
R. Beridze. "The Little Regiment" - Ballade on Soldiers' Life by S. Crane. The short story "Little Regiment" is not too rich from the historic point of view. Stephen Crane likes to display greater real phenomena in the short stories. It does not try to use a huge cloth. For the decision of a socially-philosophical problem author has transferred the severe truth of war.
N. Vakhania. The Idea of the United Caucasus in the A. Orbeliani's Works. The idea of the United Caucasus is not new, it's quite old. It's been a centuries-old tradition in Georgian reality. It's quite natural that this idea is vividly seen in Alexander Orbeliani's works - one of the leaders of the mutiny in 1832 in Georgia. In the writer's opinion gaining and maintaining freedom and independence is possible only by uniting the efforts of all the peoples living in Caucasus. The difference in beliefs makes no obstacle that can't be overcome. The chief thing is not belief but the peoples' common goal, ties of blood relationship.
Kh. Tavdgiridze. Georgian Cosmogony - the Fragments of the Origin and Development of the Universe. Now we can find fragments of cosmogony myths in Georgian mythology. The only perfect plot is the battle of the monster (which lives in the sea) and the bull, which is considered as the resistance of chaos and the cosmic space. The plot is based on the three member model (water-fish-bull). The cosmogony of the battle of the chaos and the cosmic space is confirmed by fragments in the texts of charm, where the first man of the universe - the master of the bull is shown clearly. At the same time, at the beginning formula of the text we can see the God of chaos - "Eli", which was transformed into the water deity "Elia". The Genesis directly contacts with the cycle of verses of the "dying goddess".
I. Beradze. Towards the Censorial Edition of the Poem "Song" ("To the Old Kingdom") by A. Tsereteli. The present paper deals with complicated censorial atmosphere in the magazine "Tsiskari", published in Tbilisi in the second half of the 19th century. The author specifies and analyses the verse "The Song" ("To the Old Kingdom") by Akaki Tsereteli. A censorial wording of this verse caused non-objective evaluation of the first attempts of the poet's initial verses.
E. Zurabashvili. Translations by Ivane Machabeli and the Restoration of Georgian Theatre. It is well known that a vocabulary of any language is enriched not only in dialects and derivations but also in artistic translations that form its vocabulary. Since former times a great attention has been paid to the act of translating. In former times Georgian people knew Byzantine, Syrian, Persian and Arabian culture, literature, history, philosophy, etc. Very many epoch-making monuments were translated into Georgian language. A lot of schools, styles, trends, important centers of learning and science have been established in Georgia. To develop any culture it is necessary to create not only one's own literature but to stimulate the act of translating.
E. Tskadadze. The Stylistic Characteristics of the Modern Georgian Intellectual Prose (Otar Chkheidze). The intellectual style prevails in the prose of Chkheidze. The writer frequently uses the forms of Old Georgian Language, the dialect forms of the modern Georgian ignores to rules of contemporary spelling. These individual researches give the special appeal and expressiveness to the art texts of the writer.
G. Maisaia. Towards the Some Questions of Inter-Relation between Cathalicos Anton I and Pseudo-Dionysius of Areopagitus. The article referes to some problems of inter-relation between Catholic Anthon I and Pseudo-Dionysii Areopagitus. Some attempts of systemizing their shared views which prevail their heritage are described in the given work. These attitudes became the basis of furter formation of Orthodox Church dogmas.
G. Dudauri. "United Georgia will be Resurrected…". The pathos of the Alexander Kazbegi's publicist letters is full of thinking of the Mokheves future life. He introduces us their hard life, characters, destiny, traditions and strict nature.
He tries not to loose his hope.
"United Georgia will be resurrected..."
M. Bezhitadze. Towards the Concept of the Nature of Motive. In clause the motive, as motive power by means of which the maintenance of a literary work is developed is considered. The motive can be characterized by riches of semantic dependences and problem scale. The personified motives meet in the literature of the new time. In creativity of Vazha Pshavela the images which enable personification of some motives are created.
G. Kvikvinia. Unemployment: Social-Psychological Results and Problems of Rehabilitation. The current social-economical processes in the circumstances of economical transition stipulate the qualitative change of the regulation and rhythm of the usual life. A considerable part of people loses job, the financial positions of different families complicate, traditional ways of moral and cultural relations ruin, appears the horror of coming results of unemployment, and so on. Everything this exerts influence on a man's health: extremely deteriorates his psychosomatic situation: develop psychometric diseases, completely destroys psyche and so on.
In accordance with the research conducted in 1989-2002 by the Center of Professional Orientation and Psychological Rehabilitation, the unemployed, as a rule, suffer from high level of personal and reactionary uneasiness, depressed situation, apathy, passivity, emotional instability, the desire of running away from reality, strong subjectivism; easily offending situation, vehement feelings of loneliness, emptiness of emotional sphere, and approaching danger; emotional experience of estrangement from the society, reproach, unfairness, humiliation, oppression, helplessness, weakness, considering himself unnecessary; inability of overcoming the resistance, adaptation to the social environment and the realistic appraisement of it; over fatigue, emotional immature and clearly represented individualism, lack of practicalness and perception of reality; weakness of defending his position; superfluity of reaction; fluster self-realization, weakness, melancholy, worry, disappointment, sense unsatisfactory, aggressiveness and feeling of hatred, readiness for antisocial activities, stressful occurrence. Everything this states a human being's biological existence under danger, causes its moral destroy, runs one's thought, behavior and sense to the only purpose - physical rescue.
For providing wide social classes of the society with psycho-prophylactic aid it is necessary to organize rehabilitation-psychological services in higher scientific and methodic level and manage consequent complex study of the society's problems, in order to cure injured psyche of each individual; rehabilitate their lost or weakened functions; recover the abrogated relations towards society, job and family; entirely neutralize the factors causing the psychosomatic inclination; raise a man's ability of psycho-physical adaptation towards the extreme situations.
N. Gogichashvili. The Psycological Mechanisms of Talent. This article deals with the basic psycological concepts of talent. Both concept of the general endowments and "creative" and "intellectual" ones to endowments are presented. There is discussed active and potentical taces of their psicological mechanisms.
Sh. Mamukadze, T. Chincharauli, T. Gagoshidze. Mixed Transcortical Aphasia. Clinical Case. In this article was described a patient, TCh, a man, 51 years old, with a rare form of aphasia - mixed transcortical aphasia (also called The Isolation Syndrome). The speech impairment occurred after postthrombical hemorrhagic stroke of the median artery the left hemisphere. In spite of severe impairment of conversational speech and auditory comprehension the patient had preserved repetition of the single words and the sentences composed of three words; he could pronounce the automatic strings of speech.
N. Lukhutashvili. Use of Active Methods of Education in the Process of Management Formation. The versions of active methods of training ensuring introduction of tasks and situations of practical character in the process of education, as well as achievement of a high level of administrative culture of students are considered.
O. Shurgaia. Economical Systems: New Reality and Conflict of Values. In post socialistic Georgia there take place the most difficult and resistant processes of re-appraisement of traditional values to new ones. These processes are characterizing for the society in the transitional period. The deeply qualitative changes having occurred in the social-economical classes of the population are clearly represented by the results of the sociological research conducted by the group of scientists of the Academy of Science, Institute of Demography and Sociological Research in Tbilisi on 15-30 June 2003. The mentioned research evidently confirms that the attitude of the different classes of the contemporary Georgian society towards the fundamental economical values varies. Almost every fifth respondent (18.4 %) prefers living in the Socialistic economical system, every forth one (22.5 %) prefers traditional system, every third (31.4 %) - in times of system of market economy, and every forth and more respondent (28.6 %) could not make their decision. The thought of inquired population about developed market economy, mainly, about the Georgian State being on the transitional stage of market economy, is identically contradictory.
Everything this is partially stipulated by the following factors: unacknowledgement of the principles of market economy by the different classes of the society, lack of qualitatively new political, economical and social institutions, influence of ideological dogmas and stereotypes of the past, etc. These are more or less characterizing for transformation period and considerably stipulate the conflict between the most paramount values. The progress, consolidation and stability of the society and leveling the mental differences will depend on timely and wisely provided harmonization of the conflict between the values.
K. Okonov. Modeling of the Intellectual Systems of Organization Type with the Use of the Active Aggregates. This work contains mythological and methodical foundations for application of active aggregates to the formalization problem of the aggregation and redistribution functions in the cases of non-implicit (fuzzy) formalization of information in the organizational and intellectual systems.
For obtaining the integral interconditional process of taking decisions at all levels as a graphic model of our hierarchical system combinative methods of mathematical modeling and programming is used.
K. Okonov. Concession Method's Neuro-Fuzzy Modification for Information Graphic Reflection. In this article is discussed a method polycriterion optimization dialog procedure of organization, which gives us opportunity to solve manage with any polydimensions problem's correction decision unnecessary decomposition for more simple problems.
It is obtained by modification of hybrid technology of neuro-fuzzy adaptive inference systems (ANFIS).
L. Tughushi. The way of Integration of Abkhazia to the United Georgia - Use of Economical Forces. In the article possibility of creating Economical Zones is discussed as the way of settlement of existing conflicts in Georgia. Besides, creation of Economical Zones must provide attraction of local and foreign investment, export development, implanting of new technologies, increasing monetary revenues of the country and they integration in the World Economy.
In the article definition of the following Economical Zones are represented: the zone of export oriented facilities, the zone of free manufacturing, scientific-manufacturing zone (technological park) and experience of such zones in the USA.
Is it possible to use the Western experience of creating Economical Zones in Georgia for settlement of conflicts.
The author of the publication suggests quite a new approach of creating economical development zones along the conflict regions, which may support integration of conflict sides and activation of economical relationships, which finally will lead to the peaceful settlement of conflicts.
L. Tughushi. The Brief Review of Economic Zones and opportunity of Their Use for the Decision of Conflicts. In this article quite a new approach of peaceful settlement of the Abkhazian conflict is outlined. The author suggests the way of how to interest abkhazian population in relationships with other parts of Georgia. And this is achieved not by discussing political aspects of the conflict but by supporting economical cooperation.
On the backdrop of short historical review and international and domestic political events, the Author suggests his view of conflict settlement - setting up economical coexistence with the help of united systems of management and on the ground of international security elements.
There's mentioned in the article that it's necessary in the conflict regions to activate preferential economical zones, to create special economical regimes up to 30 kilometers on both sides from the axis of the border, which may cause attraction of investments and increasing economical activity.
In the article alternative ways of solving concrete tasks are suggested which may have positive results from the view of conflict settlement.
Caucasian Messenger. - Tbilisi - 2005 – N 12. – 325 p. - Bibl. at the end of each articles. - In Georgian, Russian and English languages.
T. Simashvili. From Terrorist Organization to Islam Terrorist Movement. Judged - turning "Al-Caida" terrorist organization into an International Islam Terrorist Movement. Approved, all Terrorist organizations and groups having one ideology - Vahabizm. Analyzed different types of organization in "Al-Caida". Discussed Organizations' leaders characteristic features. Discussed "Al-Caida" future economical strategies. Worked with computer-Internet for future terrorist activities. Agreed - "Al-Caida" permanent terror activities may destroy political stability in the world.
N. Zakariadze, G. Kvikvinia. The Demographic Data on Georgia in the Works of Foreign Travellers. Georgian scientists are studying the works of foreign travelers, which contain data on Georgia. Georgian scientists: Acad. P. Gugushvili, Prof. V. Dzhaoshvili, Prof. A. Totadze, Prof. S. Tetvadze, Prof. V. Lortkipanidze and others devoted several works to this important question. They translated works of some foreign travelers, containing important data about Georgian nation; since ancient times up to the end of the 19th century. First of all, the big interest deserves works of the European missionaries and travelers, where are preserved many demographic data about settlement of our country.
P. Didebashvili. Social Change and Public Progress. The modern epoch is characterized by radical changes in all spheres of reality; an acceleration of social changes is to be observed. The social changes are caused by many factors, and the effect of each of them depends on the place and time. It is impossible to assume one of the factors as a determinant of the social development of humanity. One factor can be determinative only at one of the stages or in a separate society. The progress of a society is an infinite process. It is not a characteristic of any accomplished process. Progress is a unity of relative and absolute: the development of historical events is relative; however, at every stage of this process something absolute is realized. That is the rule of social progress. Progress is evaluated in accordance with the degree of freedom of personality.
A. Dzamashvili. Presumption of Knowledge the Impossibility of Perception otherwise the Requirement of Synthetic-a priori Judgment in the Philosophy of Kant. The aim of Kant's radicalism like Copernicus is to achieve knowledge not from prerequisites but reassume it and in accordance with its requirements, work out the prerequisites which will justify the reassumed knowledge. This will cause subordination of prerequisite formation to a certain outline. This will exclude poking in perception and provide "the only" way that guarantees confirmation of the perception possibilities. Thus, the presumption of knowledge is the basis of Kant's theoretical philosophy.
A. Dzamashvili. Problem of leaving Subject in the Philosophy of Kant. The aim of Kant on one hand is to explain that it is impossible not to perceive objects as an independent existing reality. On the other hand, to prove that, their independent existence is unreal, because, everything that is perceptive can't without that a subject. At the same time proceeding from the formal conditions of perception, Kant defends even the idea that phenomena exist independently, they posses reality and are not ghosts, because every phenomenon has empiric reality. Due to this we see a sharp difference between the independent existence of object and the existence of phenomena out of us. The existence of phenomena out of subject is the basis of the possibility for the perception of the object by the subject, which is preconditioned by space as an a priori form of perception.
A. Dzamashvili. Similarity Moment between the Subject and the Object in the Philosophy of Kant and the Problem of Affordability, Acceptance. Objective delivery of an object to the subject in perception is possible only in case if they have some silicates. The process of perception is a certain form of connection namely, connection is a definition of similarity between different objects. The ancient world already knew about the necessity of this similarity. Unfortunately it was forgotten until Kant revived it. Declaration of an independent object as unperceived and diversion of the problem solution into the immanent sphere was aimed exactly for quinine similarity moment. However, proceeding from the principle of impossibility, Kant doesn't need any but the similarly moment which will be worked out between the subject and object during the ontogenius creative process.
N. Beria. On Syllogism, Premises, Conclusions and Syllogistic Terms. The Greek scientific language reached the highest level of its development in the works by Plato and Aristotle. This language is a model for the medieval and contemporary philosophical language and thought. The 11th-12th century Georgian scholars Georgi Mtatsmindeli, Efrem Mtsire, Arsen Ikaltoeli, Ioane Petritsi, Ioane Taritchisdze and others made a great contribution to the elaboration of the Georgian philosophical terminology. The article deals with the problem of semantic adequacy of logical terms - syllogism, premises, conclusions and syllogistic terms. It is the problem of adequacy of the Georgian terms to the objects represented by the original terms. It is shown how the conceptual differences represented by the meaning of these terms were step by step introduced and established.
M. Darashvili, D. Shengelia, L. Dvali. Nature as the Best Way of Spatial Direction Formation. Pre-school age children's spatial orientation development has not been profoundly studied either in Georgian or in foreign psychological literature. Nature itself creates necessity of the spatial orientation and makes a child adopt adequate spatial notions of reality.
E. Kharadze, M. Gedevanishvili. Modern Cytology and Its Position among the Biological Disciplines. Article presents a brief revive of approved cytology manuals published recently and also during XX c., tracing this transformation of initially morphological discipline of cytology into the modern cell biology. Also, certain conceptual and methodological principles are outlined to clarity the boundaries of cell biology among closely related disciplines. Accordingly by, some observations are presented concerning the teaching of cell biology in university discipline format at the biology departments.
Kh. Pertia. From the history of relations between Rome and Parthya (new age II c. the years of 20-30'ies). The article illustrates basic aspects of oriental policy of Rome in the age of Emperor Hadrian. One of the prior directions of foreign policy of Rome - relationship with Parthya on basis of Parthya-Rome relationship including the contacts between Iberia and Rome is specially underlined. After Trojan's (the years of 98-117) oriental invasion (the years of 1 14-1117) in the age of Adrian (117-138). Rome has to refuse global expansion and almost on all frontiers makes total defending actions that were caused by weakening of social and economic base of the empire. The cardinal direction of Hadrian's foreign policy was defense of peace. The emperor oresigned the territory conquered in the East by the Trojan. The river Euphrates became the frontier with the Parthya kingdom again. Due to flexible diplomacy Hadrian did all his best to keep peace with Parthya. Though Parthya that was rather weak with inner wars had no more forces to continue struggle with Romans. It did not use the instable situation established in the Roman East and kept its neutrality.
K. Pipia. Relations of Parthia-Rome in the Middle of the 1'st Century B.C. and Formation of the System of "Political Dualism" in West Asia. In the 60's of the 1st century B.C. after the campaign of Pompey in the Near East, the Parthian kingdom became the direct neighbour of Rome. The period of peaceful coexistence of Parthia and Rome did not last long and from the end of the 50's of the 1st century B.C. a longstanding confrontation commenced between them for the leadership in Asia. According to antic sources, Parthia had the same political importance as Rome and they were rivals of equal force. The fight between Parthia and Rome obtained permanent character and a system of "political dualism" was formed in the East as a result of this confrontation. The fight for hegemony in the Near East was not limited only to hostile actions. various political and social groups commence uniting around Rome and Parthia. The Romans declared themselves successors of the policy of kings of the Hellenistic era and they enjoyed great support of the Greek-Hellenized population. The Parthian kingdom, on the contrary, became the uniting centre of the Anti-Hellenistic circles and the political and social groups dissatisfied with "The Roman order". The Parthians considered themselves successors of the Achemenidian Iran and laid the claim to the Asian territories under governance of Rome. The hostility between Parthian and Rome lasted for centuries and greatly influenced the later development of The Near East.
K. Pipia. The Eastern Policy of Augustus and the Kingdom of Polemonic Pontus. One of the main directions of the Eastern policy of Augustus (27 B. C.-14 A.C.) represented uniting of the strategically important Black Sea Coast countries under one power against Parthia-Armenia. This action would have been the best means of enforcing the positions of Rome in this region. With the help of the Rome vassal, the king of Pontus Polemo I mounts Bosporus throne in 14 B.C. and thus unites Pontus and Bosporus under the aegis of Rome. But the attempt of creation of united Pontus-Bosporus kingdom was unsuccessful in 8 B.C. and after the death of Polemo, Bosporus separated from the Pontus kingdom. Though, Augustus managed to recover this failure by diplomatic means. According to the desire of Augustus, in 3/2 B.C. Pythodoris, the widow of Polemo, married Archelaos, the king of Cappadocia. Afterwards a more powerful bridgehead against Parthia was created on the Eastern border of Rome - united kingdom of Pontus-Cappadocia.
T. Tabatadze. The Reasons for Sectarian Movement in German Lutherans of Caucasus (10-40 Years of XIX c.). In work the attention is emphasized on reasons and effects of sectarian movement of German colonists of Caucasus in 1817-1818. The routine actions of Russian government clearly expressed the ruthless fight of tsarism with sectarianism even in the alien to it religion. The harmful nature of sectarians for the state was well known for the empire authorities, since Russia itself experienced serious difficulties because of ongoing dissent in the Russian church and sectarian groupings emergent on this ground. Hence, the danger of dissention in the Caucasus Lutheran church on the social soil and the rise of sectarian motion there would be the phenomenon only contradicting to Russian colonial policy, and therefore tsarism was ready to protect the unity of Lutheran-Evangelical church. Thereby, Russian empire was presented an occasion to subordinate rebellious German sectarians and it is natural that with such measures it could not be the sincere defender of Lutheran church. To preserve the unity of Lutheran church the Caucasian administration of extended general charter of Lutheran church of 1840 year to the Trans-Caucasian German colonies. It is significant that the mentioned charter was developed by German Lutherans in 40'ies with the purpose of preserving unity. By the charter government represented Lutherans a comparatively greater discretion, and as a result of obtaining higher government competence by the German colonies of Trans-Caucasus religious dissent did not occur anymore. On the other hand, extermination of religious dissent was contributed by rapid improvement in the economic condition of colonists, which was especially appreciable since 50'ies of XIX century and was caused by that improbably exclusive position, which tsarism created for the German colonists in contrast to other ethnic elements living on Caucasus.
I. Gogolidze. Batumi Problem in the Russian Foreign Policy (70's of the XIX c.). Batumi problem became of special interest in the Russian foreign policy as a result of the activating of "Eastern Question". This was conditioned by a number of economic, military-strategic and political factors. The "Eastern Question" was the very complex question which would resolve many problems in the foreign policy. In the fight for near East Batumi, situated on the southern-eastern coast was of great importance. Because of its geographic situation it was deemed to be the first-grade port and military-strategic city. Batumi's geographic situation commercial-economic and military-strategic importance interested Russia. During the Berlin Conference (June 13 - July 13, 1878) while discussing Batumi question, Russia found itself against serious problems. Russian decided to give up Arzrumi and interfere in the war against England, but it was firm in not reversing in the question of Batumi. According to the Berlin Treaty, Batumi was handed to Russia with the Porto-Franco status.
D. Gegechkori. R. Reagan and the Failure of the Soviet System. When the USA was looking forward to the beginning of prolonged peace, the "Cold War" began and it came to the end when USA was taking measure for wartime confrontation. These changes were connected with two persons: R. Reagan and M. Gorbachov. Both of them deeply believed in their own victory. There are existed enough differences between these two "unexpected" partners. Reagan was well aware of the power his society owned, whereas Gorbachov had no connection with it. The fatal mistakes of the Soviet leader led the system to its quick destruction. They lost all the balance and were unable to appraise the merits and possibilities of their own system properly. In the beginning of the 80's the Soviet Union appeared to be in the extremely undesirable satiation. First of all the economical development of the Soviet system lost its usual rates. It was in need of the reforms and solid financial inspections. In such conditions it wouldn't be effective to enlarge the military potential of the country. The situation became very severe in Poland, where the "Solidarnost" got more and more influential and its leader L. Valensa expressed his anti-Soviet and anti-Russian position. The complicated political situation caused the immense changes in the government. During some years four General Secretary were changed. The situation was very profitable for the USA.
K. Pavliashvili. The Evolution of the Idea of the United Caucasus and Christian Church (V-XIX cc.). This work is devoted to the complex problem of the idea of the united Caucasus. Three political entities (Georgia, Armenia, Russia) and their churches were involved parties. The Evolution of this idea revealed the different kind of interests of the involved parties. In most cases their attempts were unsuccessful, though in some periods we can observe more realistic approach to the problem as it had been in the epoch of David the Builder (XI-XII cc.), signifying the classical example of implementation of the idea of the United Caucasus.
K Chalatashvili. Georgian Societies in Moscow in the Second Half of the 19th c. and at the Beginning of the 20th c. In the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century Georgians living in Moscow founded three societies: "Georgian Students' Friendly Association at the Moscow Imperial University", "The Society of Georgia in Moscow" and "The I. Chavchavadze Amateur Circle Investigating Georgian Culture at the Moscow Imperial University". These three societies made a valuable contribution to the training of the national personnel in various spheres of science and technique, the preservation of national consciousness of the Georgians living in Moscow, the increase of interest of the Russian society in the history and culture of the Georgian people. The pledge of success of their activities was due to selflessness, unanimity, and mutual aid existing between the leaders and members, the high level of the organization of the activities, thought-out structure, the means and ways that had been chosen by them for achievement their object, and also the well-wishing attitude to the Russian society.
N. Partskhalaia. Activity of the Society on Liquidation of Illiteracy among the Georgians in Adjara. In clause the history of formation of the Society on liquidation of illiteracy is discussed. In clause struggle of the Georgian intelligence for formation of this society and the precondition which have caused its formation also is reflected. In the given work activity of this society in one of the most beautiful part of Georgia - Adjara is considered.
L. Menteshashvili. Solomon Dodashvili's Pedagogical Views and Modernity. Solomon Dodashvili hasn't written special works, but he has interesting ideas about upbringing, education and teaching of future generation, about school work, its aim and problems. His dream was Georgian education to be on the same level as European and he considered to open more schools and libraries, to develop Georgian sciences. To settle problems of teaching, upbringing and education of future generation, Solomon Dodashvili considered school as the main. He thought that only educated and expected teachers must work at school. He considered teaching as upbringing. He demanded to see person's talent in proper perspective and not his high birth. His views must be foreseen in modern pedagogics.
L. Menteshashvili, N. Partskhalaia. Image of the Teacher in Ilya Chavchavadze's and Jacob Gogebashvili's Creative Heritage. A significant respobsibility lays on a teacher for a correct direction of educational process, formation and education of the future generation. Great Ilya and Jacob Gogebashvili as the educators, demanded from the teacher a good knowledge of the subject as the first duty. The moral qualities of the teachers would have been an example for the pupils.
L. Khachidze. Towards One Religious Symbol (David's Star and Cross). The aim of this article is to analyze the ornament that attracted our attention in Tbeti temple- situated in Shavsheti (modern North Turkey) which is considered the ancient Georgian land and is historic. The temple was founded in the X century and its supporter and protector was Ashot Eristavi. During XI and XIV centuries the ancient layer was added to. On the eastern facade of the temple which is in better condition than the rest of the building, during our expedition in Shavsheti and Klarejeti (October 4-8, 2003) we discovered an unusual ornament, that had never been mentioned by scientists. The above mentioned ornament is situated in the lower corner of the eastern facade and represents a cross carved inside "David's Star". The identical ornament can be seen in the small arch of the southern part of the temple. There is no doubt that this ornament - repeated twice in Tbeti temple contains some important information. The similar symbol-a big cross with a star like ornaments in the upper wings (on the right and left side) has been preserved on the secular building of Artaani (Ardagani) Castle. We think that this ornament has double meaning and expresses: 1) the unity of the Old and New Testaments 2) the theory according to which the Bagrationi Dynasty of Georgian kings descended from biblical David. This theory was shared by St. father Grigol Khandzteli, the initiator of monastic activities in Tao-Klarjeti and Shavsheti.
K. Janelidze. Several Issues Devoted to Time, Space and Sound Transformation in Animated Cartoon. Animated cartoon is such species of cinematography which uses the material, created by the author of the film. The masters and theoretic of animated films consider that the multiplication art specific is defined by the character of the cartoon's movement, film's feature time and space. In my article I discuss the questions of movement, time and space transformation lased on hand made cartoon films. The time of the film show is a cartoon film's real time, and illusive space created by the movement in the frame is the only real space, that's why in cartoon, time and space depend on transformation and practically depend only on the fantasy and professionalism of the painter. It's clear that the professionalism of the painter demands the ability of unreal movement and painted time and space feeling. Sometimes in cartoon films movement is dictated by the sound and depicts it's visual realization. The character of the cartoon film which is created by the different elements demands not only invented movement but also invented designing sound. The real voice of the man is often incompatible to the nature and image of cartoon film and it's image and makes the false impression.
G. Gvaladze. Who Discovered Nato Vachnadze? Nato Vachnadze has shown up quite lately in the "star system" of the world cinematography. Nato Vachnadze has been considered the first and the biggest shining star of national cinematography. How it all began? Who discovered her? There exist many versions, but the most possible and correct version is that Nato Vachnadze was found by Shakro Berishvili. He paid attention to the photo displayed in the studio of the photographer Shichmann. Berishvili learned her address, and somehow, by inquiring the local population about Nato Vachnadze, managed to find her in Kakheti. After some hesitation, persuaded her to play a role in the movie "Arsena the thief".
N. Jvania. K. Stockhausen on a Musical Sound. The II half of the 20th century presents an epoch of musical experiments. "New music" not only led to inventing new methods of organizing musical material, but also "discovered" a new world of a musical sound, causing revaluation of its concept. Hence, the sound as the musical material underwent intense modification. The most valuable contribution to this process was made by the German composer, one of the leaders of "New music" - K. Stockhausen. The experiments and researches led him to inventing a new "electronic" sound, which resulted in the birth of electronic music. This event of immense historical importance determined, to a certain extant, the subsequent development of music and the musical sound.
N. Jvania. The Specifity of Creation and Perception of a New Sound in K. Stockhausen's Piano Work. In the II half of the 20th century the music world was enveloped in "novelty-fever". "New music" not only led to inventing new methods of organizing musical material, but also "discovered" a new musical sound of "electronic music" and "musique concrete". The new sound was considered to be a discovery of great importance, contributing to the forming of the new musical forms on one hand and to the development of the new instrumental music on the other hand. The German composer K. Stockhausen is regarded as one of the leaders of "New music". In his piano work Stockhausen uses the wide range of new forms, "creating" at the same time the new sound of piano. Hence, his piano work presents the "New Piano Work".
L. Kaulashvili. Georgian Book Illustration. This research refers to the way of development of Georgian book illustration from manuscripts up to the 20th century printed books. The painter-designers worked in this period, the tradition of designing of the Georgian books, and the books designed by them are also considered.
M. Didebulidze. Coloring of the Kintsvisi Wall Painting. The early 13th c. wall painting of the St. Nicholas church at Kintsvisi, (East Georgia) is an outstanding work of the medieval Georgian art. Along with the portrait of Queen Tamar , the painting is famous for its coloring, based on the deep blue lapis lazuli in connection with rich green and shining white with small but expressive insets of cinnabar red. The combination of colors is determined by their symbolic meaning, that played important role in the theology and aesthetics of the Christian East.
M. Merkviladze, M. Metreveli, Z. Latibashvili. The Form of Lecture-Concert on Employment of Music. The problem of the general music education is actual in modern school and excites many teachers of music. We try to find the best educational methods that will be directed on perfection of cogitative activity of pupils and also on formation comprehensively the developed person. To this purpose our searches are directed also. We have brought the educational form on employment of music. This form is lecture-concert which helps development at pupils of special type thinking creative, critical and analytical.
Z. Latibashvili, M. Merkviladze. Influence of Various Kinds of Sports Trainings on the Background Nonspecific Adaptable Reactions. Our researches assumption Garkavi L.X. and employees about the leading part of reaction of activation on high functional position has proved to be true. On the basis of the received data it is possible to draw following conclusions.
A. Samsonadze. At the Origin of the Georgian Choreological School. Choreology- is one of field of study of art, which studies dancing art. There were examples of theoretical observation of dancing even in antique epoch. Since that time in parallels with development of choreographic art, there is still a very big interest in aesthetic nature of dancing, its expressional peculiarity and structural construction. The presage of choreological thinking in Georgia is the records of Greek historians. Later one of the best way of scientific study of Georgian dancing was acquaintance with ethnographic-expeditionary and historical- literature works. In the 19th century, on the background of special interest in national culture there were many letters in Georgian magazines and newspapers, which were written about dancing practice. At the same period the first professional dancer A. Aleksidze started his activity, who at the same time was a pioneer theorist. D. Javrishvili takes a special place in the number of explorers of choreographic art and the author of conditional marks and terms of Georgian dancing. Scientific activities of L. Gvaramidze and A. Tataraidze were marked with different kinds of thematic exploring works, the main interest of who was an aspect of historical-cultural study of dancing.
E. Chelidze. Still Life - Strange Beautiful Portrayal of Protest. Nikoloz (Koka) Ignatov is one of the best representatives of Georgian artists group of 60'ies, XX century. The painter spent last years of his life in Paris, where he executes easel painting series - Flowers and Still lives. The exhibition of the noted works at first was held in Munich. Due to this the painter in talking with one of the radio journalist mentioned: 'That way I wanted to express protest against reality. This beautiful series of flowers presents peculiar, variation conversion of animated nature. Live, sonorous, colored flowers are absorbed with air. They reinforce filling of beauty and eternity in visitors. We can't pretend still lives of Ignatov as an example of still life's classical type, vise versa, they strongly express modern gust. Beside still lives and flowers, in easel painting Ignatov executed quite long series of stones. On the cold, absorbed with air background are expressed stones of different sizes and colors. In this group more interesting is cross form composition 'Seek and Find, where five different pictures are united, they are connected to each other contextually.
L. Sikharulidze. The Restoration of the Binding of the 13th Century Georgian Manuscript. The restoration work of the Georgian manuscript "Calkosi gospel", which dates back to the 13th century, is analysed in the article. The given manuscript was restorated many times. Its last restoration is supposed to have taken place in the 17th-18th centuries. To improve safe keeping of the block of manuscript restoration work for binding the leaves and renewing the cover was carried out in the department of restoration at the K. Kekelidze Institute of Manuscripts.
J. Koridze. From the History of Collage and Assemblage. The history of Collage and Assemblage begins in the ten-years of the 20th century. The First World War gave the birth to "Dada" which was existed very little period as a united stream, but it put its tracks on many other literary schools during the following hundred years. "Dadaizm" arose in Munich on 1916. There are many scandal histories at the 20th century's Art History, but "Dadaists" over fulfilled everybody and everything: "Chemical", "Gymnastics" or "Statically" evenings, where the poets cried the unintelligible words, the exhibitions were been organized by the scraps of newspapers, which were pasted on the linen, by the chimneys, washing machines of battles. Dadaists tried to provoke attention by the absurdity. "Dada" scandals had strength of the explosive bomb against the official ideology. Bringing people such the way was easier, then the exhibition by Marcel Dushan of "Mona Liza"s colored reproduction in the Festal Palace of Paris, which had drawn at large moustaches, or Pikabia's "Saint Virgin", which was the spot of ink, melt into the linen, and nothing else. Dushan's "Ready Made" was the try for going out from the Art, at the other side it incused the production into the matter. Dadaizm's Ready Made destroyed traditional Esthetics of Art and ruled the Social Opinion to "Make the things". Late in 50 years in London, then in New York was been developed amazing literary school. On 1954 the Britain theoretic L. Alovey called it "Pop-Art" - "Popular Art". Nobody thoughts that "New Art" would pave the way, but alive, energetically, decorative, cheap - it was in accordance of modern life's interior. Pop Art was with the permission, that in the Capitalist World everything becomes as a trade object and inculcates the massive materials in every sphere of live. In his book "Modern Art" Trevin Kopelstown writes: "Pop" icons are not art as visual Phenomena. Point of view there is chosen symbols - no valuable in it, but they present the value of society. Pop Art doesn't need to present the Art. Come with 60 years we are under compulsion, to call it the Art. In spite of, it totally goes with the other direction.
G. Lomadze. The Form-Shaping and Expressive Functions of Meter in the Symphonies of A. Balanchivadze. The article, by means of analysis of Andria Dalanchivadzc's four symphonies, reviews the contextual-expressive and form-shaping functions of a musical meter. The Author focuses on following issues: in the process of developing musical theme variation of size in certain section of form, in particular in the beginning, middle, climax and final structures. Metric modulations appear in the process of intra-lhemaric development, dabon-uive stage, through figurative transformation of certain variations. Metric comparisons arc based on contrasting thematic expressions, in junction with genre conversion by emphasis on internal structures of the form. In the process of form, functional role of metric deviation is also important. With regard to the form-shaping, metric codenaming is used as well. Through metric transformation of the theme figurative-emotional transformation is achieved as in different parts of the cycle, so villain each part.
E. Kiknadze. Portrait in the Creative Activity of E. Kalandadze. In Edmond Kalandadze's creative activity portrait holds important place. In his paintings and graphics two variants can be noticed: 1. prominent human characteristics (youth, old age, feminity, masculinity) 2. intensity of individual characterization. Both in graphic and painting attitude of the author toward the person portrayed is expressed with the forms generalized and manners free. In E. Kalandadze's paintings the author's major problem seems to do plastic forms in intensive colors.
D. Potskxverashvili. 20th Century Aestetics Theories about the Nature of Artistic Creation. The work deals with the problem of developing artistic consciousness. We have attempted to form a notion of the extent of influence the growing irrational and rational sources had on the word picture of the 20th century. Here are given the views of A. Bergson, A. Mulro J. Darida on the new status of art.
D. Potskhverashvili. The Conception of Art of Romanticism. The work deals with the problems of developing artistic consciousness. The main principle of the analysis which provides with propriety of aesthetic generalization is the principle of historism. Such approach enables us to evade speculative schemes, scholastic and theoretical reasonings. In this sense generalizations make an integral part of the developed artistic process. The creation of romanticists which is the subsequent stage of developing artistic consciousness, not only formulates principally new views on art, but develops special language of theoretical view enriched with new notions and categories. Romanticism, as a unity of experiences of Renaissance and baroque, realized the idea of a person's universality in its artistic creation and in the theory of art. Aesthetics of romanticists is the aesthetics of human freedom. According to the romanticists, the truly significant and human occurs not outside of us, but in our inner life. Only imaginary liberated person rises above himself, has a feeling of real existence, dignity. The theory of irony of romanticists, specifically that of Schlegel and the achievements of romanticists in the psychological enrichment of artistic language are analysed of this work. The idea of cost price of art advanced to the foreground. Proceeding only from the principle, art was able to realize itself as a unique phenomenon. Romantic conceptions of potentials of nature and art which had great influence on the German classical aesthetics.
D. Potskhverashvili. The Artistic Theory and Practice of Hellinism. In order to present artistic consciousness of Hellinism and its forms of functioning a reader will get acquainted with the philosophers' views on art of this period and with the real socio-cultural environment and artistic atmosphere where these thinkers worked as well. A number of observations and conceptions which were expressed in the aesthetics of Greek Antiquity stimulated all subsequent theories and artistic practices of the European art. However it must be said that not all tendencies of Ancient Art were reflected in the artistic theories of its day. We have attempted to show the way of developing and enriching of the problem of artistic consciousness during the Hellinizm ancient period. The earliest standpoint was that art must respond to the moral laws and the truth the classical representatives of which were Aristophanes in poetry and Plato in philosophy. Evolution occurred in the direction of autonomous understanding of art and the beautiful. A new position held by Aristotle is followed by Hellenistic scholars, though some of them, such as schools of epicureans and stoics, still adhere to a heteronomic standpoint. Besides, according to the earliest point of view, art must obey to the universal laws. Evolution occurred in the way of acknowledging an individual creation. In the favor of this new idea Aristotle expressed his view and Hellenistic writers responded to it with particular intensity, though none of them doubted about the existence of general laws of art. It is shown of the work which tendencies caused the sharpness of psychological deepening in the artistic theory and practice of Hellenism and emphasis is laid on a persons' inner life, subjectivity as well. Attention is drawn to general aesthetic significance of the symbolic theory of an artistic nature that was deliberately revised by philosophical patristic of the late Hellenism.
M. Aghaia. Metaphor at the Cross Point of Cognitive Semantics and Pragmatics. The article refers that semantics consider metaphor as the foundation of thinking and the key of mental imagination. The ability of human is demonstrated in the metaphor. It includes diving the individual events. Then the human establishes likeness among them - in most cases it is the synthesis of concrete and abstract events. Our cognitive system is mostly metaphoric but our thinking, feelings and daily actions are defined by metaphor. Semantic approach discusses metaphor without context. Pragmatic element is left out. Frequently the part of meaning depends on the pragmatic context which explains its essence. Sometimes it radically changes its meaning. According to this article metaphor is the research object not only for semantics but for pragmatics as well. While investigating the metaphors we use three-layered model. On the first, explicit layer the metaphorical form is fixed and on the second layer- the contextual meaning and pragmatically component of the metaphor. On the third layer the part of the model of universe is actualized. This part of universe includes the knowledge of two layers of metaphor. The above-mentioned three layered model helps us to acknowledge the essence of the metaphor.
M. Kintsurashvili. Intertextuality as an Interaction of Different Types of Intratextual Discourse. In this paper discourse is considered as a semiotic concept, introduced by the structuralists. In the "explanatory dictionary of language theory" by A.J. Freimas and J. Cantet where discours is interprited as a semiotic process, which is realized in various types of discourse practice. In narratologie a distinction is made between discourse levels, where narrative instances act in written form in the text of works: explicit author, explicit reader, "characters" etc and between abstract - communicative level, where implicit author, implicit reader narrator act in impersonal narration. In some of the research works of the structuralists and post poststructuralists, the notion of the texts gets wide concept of interpretation and the conscience of a man is identified with the written text: history literature and society. As a result the culture was percepted as a common intertext serving as a pretext to any reappearing new text. Christeva states that the concept of intertextuality reminds us that each text exists in relation to others. The paper shares Genett's idea of proposing the use of so-called narrow concept of intertext regarding it as interaction of different types of discourse, where the narrative instances represent the members of a communications chain: real author, and a reader on an intertextual level along with numerous intertextual instances.
D. Kvaratskhelia. Toward the Anthroponymy of the Megrelian Proverbs. Proverbs, spread in Megrelian language are of historic, folklore, biblical and literary originated. Names presented in Megrelian proverbs make us think about the anthroponomy spread in old centuries.
M. Kikabidze. Shackled Immortality of Amiran. Akaki Tsereteli holds an important place in history of Georgian literature and social thinking. Together with Ilya Chavchavadze Ak. Tsereteli was the leader of national-liberation movement of the second half of the nineteenth century. He was the well-deserved representative of the Georgian representatives of 60th , who carried out severe fight against reaction, colonial politics, darkness, condition without ideas and were clearly preaching about progressive ideas in social life and literature. Ak. Tsereteli, as a "hooter" of everyday life, served for every event of Georgian reality of the second half of the 19th century, expressing belief and aspiration of Georgia in his creativity, he deeply believed in its bright future. Whole his creation was devoted to the modern inquires of that period. Ak. Tsereteli has been implementing in Georgian people understanding of necessity of constant promotion, feeling of love towards the nation and home country. But the desire of the writer was common to all mankind: "Whole happiness of every nation … who does not serve for its little nation he will not be necessary for mankind too. Even the World is expressed in service of its country".
O. Goliadze. Representation of the Reader in the Ancient Georgian Literature. The creative world of the ancient Georgian scribes, the sphere of their interests is quite universal. Besides dominant problems, in the writings of hagiographists, not a single moment is observed, which seems quite unusual for the literal principals of their times, for example, the reader's world, which is mostly perceived in specific introductions of compositions. Different from hagiography, the relationship with the reader does not almost exist in the heroic "Amirandarejaniani". The author of '' The Knight in the Tiger's Skin" always, almost in any situation and in any case honors the phenomena, which is called the reader or listener; even when in this or that episode, the reader of private letters is concerned. Likewise, the historian - Vakhushti perfectly realizes generally the reader's and privately the Georgian reader's national self-consciousness, political conscious, intensification and improvement of education.
B. Surguladze. The World Reflected in Kurt Marty's Poetry. The given work deals with the lyric poetry of the Swiss writer, thinker, theologian, politician, and in particular, with his collections: "Republican Poems", "Marginal Poems", "Graveside orations", "Neu Poems". A man's attitude to himself, to others, to God, to nature, his human purposer struggle between life and death are the themes, that the writer calls attention of the reader by means of extremely elevated ironi and gives the latter the possibility to meditate and discuss. With his firm ideal principles, warlike, impulsive and in respect of language masterly poems he is truly regarded one of the best lyrical poets of modernity.
K. Gaprindashvili. The Specifications of Artistic Realization of "Life of Serapion Zarzmeli". "The life of Serapion Zarzmeli" by Basil Zarzmeli describes the history of foundation and development of monastic life in Samtskhe-Javakheti, namely in Kvabliani gorge in VIII - IX centuries. The monument, mentioned above, is worth of paying attention in terms of different issues, the most important of them we believe is the artistic approach in terms of vivid showing of the protagonist and also original realization of monastic life, which makes the monument completely different from the other hagiographic compositions. Against the background of the monastic construction the spiritual preparation of person for passing the too complicated way is highlighted in the composition. This way is the bridge from the first steps of the cleric to the high priest. This way is hierarchical and the holy fathers achieving of the highest step of it requires their getting over any of the obstacles. During proceeding the complicated way that is called the way of the saint is shown here. This is the way of patience, obedience and modesty. It must examine the pupil and grow up him as the real priest. After his great priest Mikel Parekheli spiritually trained Serapion, it was necessary to examine him by means of that hard and "thorny" way that is called the secular way. The protagonists searching the spiritual light are examined at that way. And the artistic realization of the protagonist by the author himself is shown in such a way that he highlights his own word about that - what is the pilgrimage character of the holy fathers and their trials at that way, how they grow spiritually by means of such tortures. That is why Basil Zarzmeli describes each step of the protagonist in details. Getting over the main way shows the physical as well as spiritual strength of Serapion. More the way complicates the harder is the physical torture of the characters. Just it is the signal of the spiritual victory: the protagonist presented with non-human, tortured face, with chaps, wounds on the body and with the torn clothes is the saint who has achieved the highest spiritual perfection.
I. Javakhadze. Subject-Composition Correlation Between Georgian Original and Translated Hagiographic Works. The article considers original hagiographic works from the appropriate point of view, there has been made the attempt to demonstrate the similar or different signs, through which some or other Georgian hagiographic works are drawn together. Authors of almost all hagiographic works indicate at the commencement or at the end of their works time of its writing or date a period of a Saint death; in some cases an author fix his own person, expresses his personality. Hagiographers also try to persuade the reader in his narration truthfulness and name the people, mostly Saint Fathers' spiritual children, who have told him all this. Sometimes an author mentions the reason for his work writing. This circumstance is characteristic for most part of hagiographic works. For hagiographic works it is natural to ix electivity of their heroes since the very childhood as well as it is in the Christian literature on the whole. The electivity and peculiarity shows itself in a Saint's national and social origin, in his peculiar spiritual features, God-fearing, in his unusual talent and diligence, in his relations with children of his age, writing and reading and, on the whole, in his aspiration to knowledge studying from the very childhood, subordination to his parents, complete obedience to adults in general.
N. Arjevanidze. "Poem in Prose" in European and Georgian Literature. At the beginning of the 20th century, new generation, distinguished by innovation pathos, insistently demanded for the literal-esthetical transformation of 19th century consciousness. Language renovation, reconstruction of traditional genres and emergence of new themes were the main topics. New ideas, destruction of ordinary life routine, separated the ways aimed at one, general purpose, as future was foreseen by the society in different ways. Critical social-political events and reasonable changes in social life, were the reason of literally environment, where the new genres, like - miniature, poem in prose, essay prevailed. The final definition of above-mentioned poetic prose genres and definition of their specific characteristics is still the subject of discussion. It's still a somewhat embattled literary form. That's partly because with rare exception, critics still haven't said enough about it yet, or, at least that's insightful and positive. This subject needs to be carefully studied.
M. Ghlonti. "I Have Enough of That, That I Have" (To the Moral Belief in "Wisdom of Fiction" by S.-S. Orbeliani). In "Wisdom of Fiction" by Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, Prince (Son of the King) Jumber demonstrates Christian-moral credo, truly evangelistic approach towards riches (wealth). Topics of contentment and insatiability, represented with artistic iterpretacion, throughout the whole narrative by means of Jumber's argumentation: majority of Parables, pronounced by him, are devoted to these topics ("miser and Gold", "Two brothers", "Merchant and His Son" and etc). In parable "The King and His Three Sons" Jumber, the son of the King, glorifies and tenders gratitude to God and displays Solomon's divine wisdom therewith.
M. Ograpishvili. Word Creation According to Creative Work of Giorgi Leonidze. Giorgi Leonidze's each word is precious. While getting known with his creative work, it is made clear for us, how great attention he pays for each word, its original forms its contextual particulars for expressing a main idea of creative work That's why he gives word the greatest charging in his creative works. He makes not one original form by himself, which are not strange for the Georgian language, they are grown from its natural potential. In the work, there is discussed an original word creation of G. Leonidze. He often applies the making of nouns and adjectives as a verb, uses a passive of considering, as in such verbs, there are mainly used the nouns and adjectives, thus the poet enjoys with great liberty. The give examples are most of all the samples of individual work creation and serve the opening of artistic-aesthetic world of written.
M. Ograpishvili, D. Kotorashvili. Giorgi Leonidze's Poetic "Tsitsnatelebi" (Fire-Fly). Giorgi Leonidze's creative work clearly exposes, how great attention he pays for the activity of perfection and development of the Georgian language. He tries its enriching with new words, concepts for the purpose of which he abundantly brings the neologism and the original forms of words. That's why, charm, attractiveness, force of the Georgian word is felt in each line. We are getting sure, that he can't be indifferent before the charm and stringity of the native word and meanwhile, be is able to make the reader be much in love, with the Georgian language. Giorgi Leonidze often uses a strange form of the word "tsitsinatela" (fire-fly) - "tsitsnatela" or "tsitsnatelebi", which can't be met in the creation of none of the other poet.
N. Mrevlishvili. An Icon Term in Gelatic Translations of Ecleciastus Elucidation. Egsegetic monument of Ecleciastus elucidation, which is remained as the sole manuscript (A61, dated by XIII century, by some supposition - by XI-XII centuries) in Georgian writing, is performed according to norms of Gelati literatural school, it is interesting in various aspects either by the translation methods or by linguistic, stylistic and linguistic world outlooking and theological tendencies. The manuscript includes works of two authors - of Grigol Akrakanteli (pesudo Mitophane Smirneli) and of Olimpiadore Alexandrieli. In the presented article especial attention is given to a terminologic aspect of the monument, in particular, we consider xat term ans lexical units generated from it (verbal forms, compounds, gerunds).
N. Kapanadze-Gaprindashvili. The Charm - a Verbal Therapy. The article deals with the peculiarities of the charm - one of the richest strata of Georgian spiritual culture. The charm is one of the most important and ancient genres of Georgian folklore. It is present in folklore of every nation and reflects one of the conscious development stages, the study of which well demonstrates the character, nature and historical trace of every nation. Charms preserved a lot of interesting aspects of the Georgian's world outlook from the ancient days to our time. The article presents varied patterns of charms, and as a result of their analyses is confirmed, that many charms are concerned with pagan rites and worships, many of them under the influence of Christianity obtained dual Christian-heathen quality, and later appears a certain group of charms, which completely represent the reflection of Christianity.
I. Kapiashvili. From the History of Teaching "The Knights in the Panther's Skin". The poem "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" had been considered as one of the most important study books for centuries. Popularity of the poem was accompanied by the development of sciences studying this poem and namely by methodological sciences. Thus, this poem became an object of systematic methodological consideration and scrutiny. This is proved by the editions of the 19th century and certain publications of polemic character. There was a disputable issue as to from what age, that is, in what classes this poem was to be studied in the form of prose or poetry created by the writer. School reform will still make the teachers think how to teach the samples of old literary works, including "The Knight in the Panther's Skin".
I. Kapiashvili. From the History of Old Georgian Methodological Conceptions. Germs of methods of teaching of Georgian literature should be searched back in ancient monuments already. With this in view the richest material is offered by the first manual chrestomathies of the 19th century, which reflected the methodological conceptions of the known teachers of that period. They defined the principal task of the school - the necessity of education in the native language. They demanded to use cognition, demonstrative and euristic methods. The accessible archives materials prove that with the view of the moral-aesthetic education of pupils the specific attention was paid to the study of old Georgian monuments, samples (Shota Rustaveli, Teimuraz I, Archil, Sulkhan-Saba Obeliani, D. Guramishvili etc). The specific role in the progress of Georgian methodological conception the specific role is attributed to G. Nasidze, S. Gorgadze, I. Gomelauri. They defined the place of Georgian writers of the epoch of renaissance in the school programs and manuals and gave successive methodological instructions for the process of working with literary works, which later formed the basis for the critical-methodological conception of the 20th century.
M. Korshia. "Vilation of Existance Eternity or Infanticide Father". Infanticide by father, despite the conditions this takes place in, is antinatural event. There cannot exist more indecency then infanticide or, viceversa, patricide. By killing a child, father comphits a suicide as he destroy his own future. Georgian prose imposingly shows in tanticide: Ambokari menaced the Supreme Government and Local officers from Mitsispiri with disposing people against them. And Zurab Tegauri did not forgive his son his being against rich peasants of the village and ordered to catch him or in case of his showing resistance to kill him. (S. Shanshiashvili "Ambokari"). The second wite exasperated Rostom Aptarauli: If you do not get your children from me, I will divorce you and disgrace you. The toper father beat to death his two litlle children and the third one he killed with a sword. (K. Gamsakhurdia "Bear"). Against fate fighted Zurab Toradze and transplanted the brain of an academician Davit Giorgadze to Ramaz Korinteli. But the sole and intellect of the academician was beaten by the secret violent gene in Korinteli`s body and he killed his child by shooting three times. (G. Panjikidze "Spiral").
M. Bedinashvili. The Image of Byron in the Critical-Publicistic Letters of Ilia Chavcahvadze. The image of Byron has a symbolical meaning in the critical-publicistic letters of Ilia Chavchavadze . George Byron is an embodiment of progress, action, activity and plead for oppressed for Ilia Chavchavadze. He discusses Byron's Russian and Georgian translations, compares interpreters and makes easy conclusions. Ilia's two letters discussed in the article, may be considered as an acquisition of Georgian critical thinking and an important step to Europeanization.
T. Gogotishvili. The Healing Impact of Music. Music is an universal Phenomenon, people of all ages and cultures listen, perform, create and enjoy it. Throughout recorded time, music has been credited with the power to solace the sick and weary and to express unspoken emotions. Members of preliterate cultures believe in the power of music to effect mental and physical well-being. In present time the healing features of musical art has been acknowledged as the music therapy profession. In the therapeutic process music is used as a medium, but it's optimal benefit in therapy depends on the skill and knowledge of the therapist: Music therapy is the use of music in the accomplishment of therapeutic aims : the restoration, maintenance and improvement of mental and physical health. It is systematic application of music, as directed by music therapist to bring about desirable changes in behavior. Such changes enable the individual undergoing therapy to experience a greater understanding of self and the world about self, thereby achieving a more appropriate adjustment to society.
G. Kvikvinia, N. Lukhutashvili. The Particularities of Market Economy during Transition Period. In the article there are viewed the basic social-economic problems of the transition period, that due to objective or subjective reasons interfere with the process of reformation and democratization in a country. There are considered the core of market economy and the kinds of economic interrelations assumed by it. The attention is paid to the role of the state in economy administration; what the state has made and also what it has not made, who benefited from the reforms and who lost, what conditions the country and the population as a whole found themselves in, is noted.
L. Altunashvili, K. Bitsadze, T. Chichua, N. Pavliashvili, Z. Machaidze, R. Kvirkvelia. The Problem of the Georgianization of the Distance Learning System "Moodle" and its Solution by Changing the "Open Source" Code. As a result of rapid development of the telecommunication infrastructure in Georgia, it became very important to have Georgian language resources in the Internet. The e-learning is not an exception. Distance Education Center - "Sabas Madli", which is a part of Tbilisi Orbeliani State Pedagogical University, focuses its efforts in this direction. DEC works on localization/adaptation of one of the most popular and wide used "Open Source" e-learning systems - Moodle. The latest release of the Georgian language pack can be downloaded from the Moodle official website: moodle.org. While preparing on several e-learning courses, the group identified the problem of Glossary module, which had problems grouping the Georgian language concepts. As a solution we added and changed some part of the source code, which solved our problem. This change in the source code is important and useful not only for Georgian language, but also for any language, which uses a Basic Multilingual Plane - BMP space for character encoding. To allow other people, who had the similar problem, we uploaded the Source code change as a diff file to the bugs section of moodle.org. It was used by several sites in Japan.
K. Bitsadze, T. Chichua, L. Altunashvili, N. Pavliashvili, T. Changiani, G. Botsvadze. The Basic Means of the Distance Educational Center "Sabas Madli". In the given article are considered the basic opportunities of the distance educational systems based on "open code", including the system Moodle. All Involved systems are divided in two major groups: first one consists from the content and learning management systems, which are free and there is no legal restrictions to change, use and distribute its source code. The second are programs, which could be free, but their source code is closed. Both systems have their own advantages and disadvantages, which are essential while making the decision which one to choose. Taking in to the consideration the present reality in which the Georgian distance learning portal will be functioning, we came to conclusion that using the Open Source GPL licensed product will be preferable in many cases. Using any Closed Source products would not be possible solving the problem of the adopting to the Georgian Language, like we had, while working on creation of distance learning portal "Sabas Madli". Attention of working group drew to the "Open Source" CMS Moodle. Moodle is a learning system which is used in 120 countries and translated up to 60 languages. This system has a big army of the professionals who constantly are working on program improvement. Distance Education Center of Tbilisi Orbeliani State Pedagogical University runs their portal "Sabas Madli", using system Moodle (http://dec.saba.edu.ge/moodle). There are several complete educational courses there. Some of the courses are in the stage of development.
M. Kharazishvili. An Application of Information Searching Possibilities of the Internet. The paper is devoted to some aspects of learning students to use rich information searching possibilities of the Internet. The obtained information can be successfully applied by them in solving concrete practical problems.
Caucasian Messenger. - Tbilisi - 2005 - N 13 - 348 p. - Bibl. at the end of each articles. - In Georgian, Russian and English lenguages.
S. Gogilava. Electoral System and Processes in Georgia. Georgia today is a different country from what it was in the 1980's, when it was possible to really the masses in support of national independence and democracy: the mass enthusiasm of those days will be difficult to recover. Today, it is essential to focus on the more mundane task of developing effective institutions. This, however, means singling out and building upon those hopeful signs that express themselves in the life of the society.
R. Mamporia. Terrorism in North Caucasus and Georgia. Terrorism is the biggest problem of modern mankind, to which against must fight any country, because in case of ignorance they themselves would be across of this problem. Some of the countries understand differently to take part in antiterrorist campaign, because several states try to reach private interests by the slogan of fighting against terrorism. Russia chose the same political way towards Caucasus. Analytics expect the aggravation of situation in Caucasus. Russia itself will "carry of" it, in order to shift the blame of its mistakes and weakness against terrorists on others and cover them with "severe measures". The first victim of "foreign" share of Russian Government may appear in Georgia. So, the aggravation of situation in North Caucasus isn't in interests of Georgia. In opposite case Russia will have a chance to compose a free area in Caucasian, especially in Georgia (Pankisi and Kodori gorge) with the mask of fighting against terrorism, by which will be the guaranty of consolidation the positions of Russia in Caucasus.
M. Lobzhanidze. Socialization end Genderal Disbalans. In the article socialization is regarded as one of the reasons of genderal inequality. Socialization is a prolonged process and lasts during the whole life of a man.
M. Kavtarashvili. Myth and Reality of Image - Philosophy of Game or Game in a Reality. Offered article represents attempt to comprehend image, as, on the one hand inevitable and basic currency of the present, and with another - a myth and imitation. Image is involved into all spheres of life and consciousness. It has changed by itself true ideas, acts and intentions. The modern society inevitably turns into the consumer of a new virtual game under the name image". In the article image from the point of view of social psychology, the general psychology and philosophy of a modern idea is analyzed. It is an image of individual "I", public "I" of the person, its representation how the person is apprehended by the society and an environment. More truly, representation about representation. Universal mystification, game in a reality, which itself applies for a role of a unique reality - here that today is presented under the term and concept image".
M. Kavtarashvili. Philosophy of War and Peace in conditions of a mass communication. In presented article is described a phenomenon of influence on a choice of an individual and a society as a whole - in conditions of a mass communication. What means to be free in a choice and not to turn to the person of a mass? What role is carried out with the communications in a modern civilization? Hose Ortega i Gasset and Sui Czi, two would seem absolutely different approach and perception of the reality, two worlds in the uniform review do possible on new to look at us today. The article surveys and analyzes two opposite technologies of conducting fight and preservation of the world - first of all for the same free choice, integrity of attitude. The choice has been changed a little even since times of an epoch of the Chinese commander-philosopher, let alone our contemporary Gasset. To be such as everyone, or to choose a way of resistance the stereotypes accepted and approved for the mass... Association or split, true or a substitute, flight think or a pattern... The Civilization against a civilization. War and peace for mass in all spheres of life.
T. Orkodashvili. The Art as a Symbolic Form in the Philosophy of Symbolic Forms by E. Cassirer. In E. Cassirer's philosophy Symbol and Symbolic are the general category which contains all forms of cultural activity of human. He gives the widest concept of symbol - as a "sensual realization of ideal" - and by helping of sings Cassirer denotes all perception of reality as symbolic, which gives him possibility to systematize the whole diversity of cultural forms: language, knowledge, art, religion, on the basis of united principle, to understand the culture as a whole. The unity of culture would be achieved in the symbol not in its structure and content, but in its constructing principle. Every symbolic form presents definite faculty of perception by means of is constructed particular part of reality. As there are some alternative forms of existence by Cassirer as there are "alternative phenomenological worlds". The art as a symbolic form with the language, myth and science creates its own phenomenological world.
The art is a "discovery" and interpretation (representation) of reality not by concept, but by intuition, not by thought, but by sensual forms. The art's forms don't represent forms of reality. The main problem is the human experience constructing and organization. The art's fundamental character as the other symbolic forms is the constructing and creating of our human world.
N. Tsatsua. The Police and Publicity. At the present stage there is conferred a special importance to protection of legality and strengthening of the public order. Successful realization of this problem, its highly reasonable decision constitutes the basic purpose of the activities of today's authorities. For today the main task is realization of a hard work for protection of the order in country, so that each citizen everywhere and always would obey to the laws and ruthlessly struggle against infringers of the law. In the struggle against illegal actions the special part belongs to police. The basic weight of the struggle against criminality is assigned to police, but without the help of the publicity it will be too complex for it to cope with the problem. The analysis, given in the present article, and always would obey to the laws and ruthlessly struggle against infringers of the law. In the struggle against illegal actions the special part belongs to police. The basic weight of the struggle against criminality is assigned to police, but without the help of the publicity it will be too complex for it to cope with the problem. The analysis, given in the present article, confirms that in the attitude of the society to police the major factor is the police itself. The police itself should reduce its spatial distance with the population, as much as it is possible confirms that in the attitude of the society to police the major factor is the police itself. The police itself should reduce its spatial distance with the population, as much as it is possible.
M. Matiashvili. Division of Power and the Parliamentary Control. The report provides the information about significant institution and function such as the Parliament as well as implementation of the Parliamentary control. The article provides the general principles of power division. On the background of the latter, parliamentary control implementation and mechanisms are stipulated. The article revises the role of the legislative branch in terms of control implementation as well as the role of Parliament within the unified system of power division.
M. Gasviani. Foundation of Russian Diplomatic Representatives in the Near East ("Consulate of Jerusalem" and Russian Holly Mission in Jerusalem in the First Half of the 19th Century). The article deals with Russian foreign politics in the Near East. The foundation of the Russian Diplomatic Representatives in the near East is also discussed. The importance of Russian Church, commonly in Empire's foreign politics, exactly in Jerusalem is shown. The article represents the interests of Russian Empire (political, ideological, commercial, economical, and religious) in the Near East.
G. Khundadze. P. Zavileiski in Georgia. The plotters of 1832 tried to use in their work the foreigners who lived in Tbilisi, especially, the Poles. There also were the Poles who worked in the Russian tsarism bureaucratic apparatus and had the leading positions. One of them was the former governor of Georgia in 1829-1831, Piotr Zavileiski. He had the tight contacts with the heads of the plotters. The article talks about the friendship of P. Zavileiski and Al. Chavchavadze..
A. Chachkhiani. Tactical Aspects of Sadakhlo Battle in the Armenian-Georgian War. Sadakhlo battle on the whole, speaking of the military-tactical maneuver, is one of the most interesting battles of the Armenian-Georgian War, taking place on December 18-23 of 1918. From December 9 of 1918 the unexpected regulars and combat bands of the Dashnak Armenia on the territory of the Georgian Democratic Republic were advancing successfully to the depth of Georgia, and General Tsulukidze,s thin Georgian garrison (totally 600 men and two armored trains) incurred heavy losses in cutthroat fights and retreated on the area of Uzunliar-Sanain-Alaverdi along the railway Tiflis-Alexandropol. On the December 17 the Georgian units fighting broke through the encirclement in the region of Alavrdi-Akhtala and retreated for the Sadakhlo station. Here the thin and outworn Georgian units (only one deficient battalion and one armored train of support) organized a defensive line with 12 km width. (Abreast rifle regiment's bylaw). On the basis of inconvertible archive data we established that in Sadakhlo region fights of Georgian side was confronted by the Armenian unit at minimum six times outnumbering the Georgian unit. From the 18th of December to the 23d in Sadakhlo Region cutthroat fights overgrowing to hand-to-hand ones were taking place. A great support for the Armenian regulars in sabotage-subversive activities became and played an important role the region's Armenian population poisoned by the Dashnak ultra-nationalistic ideology, that population were once sheltered as refugees by the Georgian people. In spite of all the mentioned factors during Sadakhlo fights completely boasted Georgian units successfully acted on the defensive and inflicted losses to the opponent. So, on December 18, during the first battle in hand-to-hand fighting the combat advance-guard of the Armenian unit was completely destroyed and that temporarily stopped the Armenian forces, advance in that direction. From December 20 the Armenian units constantly stormed the Georgian units defensive positions, but every time they were successfully counterattacked by the Georgian side. Eventually, by night of the 22'd of December completely boasted and exhausted Georgian subdivisions had to leave the strategic point of Sadakhlo and change disposition. At the supreme moment General Tsulukidze signed the battle order about retreat and the encirclement breakthrough, which is proved by appropriate archive data. It should be especially mentioned, that the tactical retreat of the Georgian units was organized in a strict accordance with the battle order and not in a stampede as it is presented by some Armenian and pro-Armenian authors. Sadakhlo battle of December 18-23 of 1918 of the Armenian-Georgian War is one of the unknown pages of the Newer History and the War History of Georgia. From the point of view of cohort tactics it was a series of cutthroat defensive fights of the Georgian side in which once more Georgian cohorts showed glorious military traditions and high combat moral of the nation. During several overmatching them, which helped to gain the time which the Georgian side was short of for forcing of mobilization matters and maneuvering in the area of the combat actions. And the breakthrough of the Sadakhlo encirclement with comparatively small losses is one of the brilliant examples of the mentioned maneuver from Georgia's War History.
M. Nebieridze-Vachnadze. The Last Bodbeli - Ioane Maqashvili during the Rusificatory Regime in Georgia (1795-1837). The article deals with the significance of an Eparchy and Archbishop of the Orthodox church in general. On the example of Bodbe Eparchy and the Bishop of Bodbe is defined its functions. Specifically, it deals with the activities of Archbishop of Bodbe (Maqashvili) on a view of the regime of rusification in Georgia. Based on the archive materials, the research work studies one fragment of the history of Bodbe Eparchy in 10-30's of the 19th century, when, as a result of reforms by the Russian Orthodox church it suffers from permanent reorganizations and at the end of the 40's ceases its existence. In the work is given the activities of Bodbe last Metropolitan Ioane on political, religious and cultural spheres in the context of the rusificatory regime in Georgia; is described his invaluable role in the history of Georgian church for protection and survival of Georgian culture.
M. Gugutishvili, I. Chkhartishvili, M. Khutsishvili. From the History of Propagation of Christianity in the Caucasus - Theological Commission of Ossetia. For gaining of hegemony over the Caucasian Region, within the centuries the interests of Russia, Turkey and Iran had been colliding. Authorities of Turkey and Iran were trying to strengthen their own influence in this region through the help and support of the Muslim population of the Caucasus. As an opposition, in the future plans of Russia special place was given to the problem of christening of the native population of Caucasus, for achievement of which the Tsar's officers, together with the other means, were planning foundation of a wide net of a religious mission. The tsarist Russia began development of religious policy in Caucasus from attempts of christening of the Ossetian population. In 1745 was founded a Commission for propagation of Christianity among the Ossetians. For concealment of their own political intentions, activity of newly organized mission was declared by Russia as domestic affairs of Georgia, and for the beginning they chose only the Georgian monks as missioners. Later for the aims of improvement of activity of the Commission, time and again they were carrying out its fundamental reorganization. In spite of shortcomings which were common for activity of the Christianity dissemination Commission, in some extent in furthered strengthening of Russia's political influence and its successful advancement in the Caucasian Region as a whole.
S. Khoperia. Russian Model of Social Idea in the Mentality Of Bolshevik Party (So Called Stalin Plan of Socialization). Bolsheviks were able to fulfill the social idea in Russian reality only in ideological and economic sphere. The main barrier they had to over come was the transformation of living in Russian Empire people. Naturally, that the real picture of Russian reality in this direction by communists should be well known and studied. This important and complicated question was planned by Bolshevik party: among the theorists of social society construction (Lenin-Trotski plan: workers, farmers, intellectuals, army) was no place for the Church. The Church, serving Tsarism and Provisional Government, for Bolsheviks was out of use. All above mentioned was just a motive of inimical treatment of the Church in post-revolution Russia.
E. Kopaliani, Z. Sulaberidze. The List of Georgian Churches and Monasteries by P. Butkov. The work of famous scientist P. Butkov in the development of Russian Caucasology is outstanding. His researches are well known to the specialists who work on the problems of history and ethnology of Caucasus. Many materials which were gathered and analyzed empirically by Butkov are not published yet. During the scientific research in the Russian State Military-Historical archive we found the document of Butkov named: "The information about the conditions of ancient historical buildings in Georgia", which was dated approximately from 1820 to no later then 1827. We offer the above mentioned document with the according remarks.
A. Mgaloblishvili. Modern Greek Painting (19th-20th C.C.). The purpose of the article is to provide an overall picture of modern Greek painting development (19th-20th centuries) and on the basis of creative biographies of painters of generation "Thirties" define the main tendencies in the Greek painting of the beginning of the 20th century.
D. Gujabidze. "Khanuma" - the Immortal Image of the Tbilisi or the Portrait of the Theatre in "Basement" Interior. The article tells about a new staging of Avksenti Tsagareli's popular play "KHANUMA", widely known by performances (eg. Robert Sturua's legendary "Khanuma", starring Ramaz Chkhikvadze and Erosi Manjgaladze), films ("Khanuma", "Keto and Kote"), theatrical musicals (George Tovstonogov's"Khanuma"). The director and camera-operator David Gujabidze in style of the video reporting shot rehearsals of separate stages, general rehearsal and premiere, also - he shot side scenes and a hall, long interview to the director Levan Tsouladze (nice named as Chola). All these materials, and also historical and graphic items, the original manner of display of theatrical process has enabled to create film not only about one concrete theatrical team, but also - about theatre in general - about beauty and torments of creative process of theatrical performance.
N. Jvania. The Fate of a Piece of Music. K. Stockhausen, "Lucifer's Dream, or "Piano Piece XIII". This Article represents an attempt to examine the "Piano Piece XIII" by K. Stockhausen - the leader of "New Music" and one of the most significant composers of the 20th century. The research is based on the triad "composer-performer-listener" and it intends to describe the artistic life of this peculiar piano piece. A full description of the life of any piece of music will contain the description of its fate from the artist's conception to its realization in the social musical consciousness. Though it has to be admitted that the approach of the article is not musicological. As a performer of the piano piece, the author will try to consider all three members of the triad mentioned above from the position of a performer. The main attention will be directed at the performer's role as a mediator between the composer and listeners. "Piano Piece XIII" represents a new genre - "scenic music", which arose in the II half of the 20th century. The specificity of this genre caused the enlargement of traditional functions of a pianist in the "piano piece XIII", raising problems of interpretation. Dealing with them makes up the most important part of the article. The article will provide not only musicians, but also lovers of modern art with interesting information. It will give them opportunity, to get acquainted with the intriguing piece of music by the extremely original "new" artist.
K. Tsereteli. Breast Gross from the Convent of the Virgin in Village Ulumba. Approximately ten years ago, during maintenance works carried out on the territory of the convent yard, a bronze breast cross with an imprinted crucifixion was found in the depth of 08 m under the ground. On the basis of decorative-stylistic and comparative analysis it was stated that the cross date back to the VII-VIII century. The cross has a number of specific features such as a peculiar X - shaped colobium (a stylized Greek letter), chrism in the nimbus of Christ and represents an original version of a Syrian-Palestinian iconographic type of an early period.
N. Burduli. Planning Schemes of Triple-Chapel Basilica Pastoforiums in Georgia and in Armenia. The article outlines the planning schemes of triple-chapel basilica pastoforiums in early Christian period Georgia and Armenia. Here are discussed the forms and the place of these tips of basilica pastoforiums in the churches in the east Georgia and their analogies on the territory of Armenia. The author of these articles is trying to show the relationship of these two countries' church architecture and their cultural dialogue on this matter.
N. Merebashvili. Impressionism and His Peculiarity of Development in Georgian Painting. In this work we tried to introduce the development and spreading of the impressionism in Georgia. There wasn't the impressionism, as a stage of painting here. In spite of that, the Georgian painters knew all painting news what was happening in Europe. Because of the political situation of Georgia, the news was spreading later then in Russia or in West Europe. As for the impressionism it was a mixture of various styles. Essentially, this made the painting currents specific and eclectic in Georgia.
S. Chitorelidze. Kuznetsovs' Patrimony Firms' Porcelains. Russian's court suppliers, Kuznetsovs' patrimony firms' porcelains, by technique and artistic improvement reached the highest level. Products of the factories obtained famousness to Russian ceramics in the world's market and entered the history, as one of the strongest and important groups of the enterprises. Moreover, in the end of the 19th century and in the beginning of the 20th century Kuznetsovs' patrimony firms', themselves created history of Russian ceramics. Kuznetsovs' factories stayed under private possessors' management until 1918. After revolution, firms went under state's control, some of them (Dulevo, Dimitrov, Tver, Kuzyaevo and etc.) continues to work successfully till today.
K. Sakhvadze. S. Virsaladze and Georgian National Ballet. In artistic life there exist inseparable phenomena. The career of Soliko Virsaladze and the creation of Georgian National Ballet are among them. During the 50 years of existence of this company. Soliko Virsaladze was the only and irreplaceable designer of costumes, the one who dedicated the largest part of this life to the design of opera and ballet performances where scenery and costumes both play an important role. Ballet costume is one of the main expressive means of a dancer's elegance (flexibility), his moves, gesture. Attire is very important for the performer - how well it corresponds to and reveals the graphic sketch of the dance staged by choreographer, the epoch, eth. It is the same in folk dances. Costume reveals the character of a dance, its inner gist and the plasticity of a dancer. Soliko Virsaladze's costumes reveal all these clearly.
K. Zhorzholiani, I. Akhvlediani. Beads in Everiday Life of the 17th-19th Centuries Georgia. This article analyses the role of beads in the everyday life of the 17th-19th century Georgia, as per the "Books of marriage portion" and pieces of art. The article refers to detailed description of the beads - their shape, color, arrangement, used materials.
L. Chkheidze. Reflections of the Rules of Symmetry in Georgian Folk Choreography. The article deals with the existing principles of symmetry in science. The author tells us about the wonderful and astonishing world of the beauty and harmony which is to be found in the pattern of symmetry reigning everywhere: starting from the universe, in the construction of molecules and atoms, in the ancient Egyptian architecture, in the decorative ornament, in the hidden symmetry of the words in poetry, in music from the times of Bach. Its diversity can be found in the folk round dance, in the ballroom dances, in the French and Italian ballet and in many more countries and nations of the world. The main goal of the publication is to reveal the peculiarities of the symmetry laws and their presence in the folk Georgian dances existing since the ancient times. This is the first time for the principle of symmetry to be analyzed, which gave an opportunity to recognize clearly the harmony and beauty in the pattern of dance movement combinations. The examples of symmetry can be seen in the ballet performances and Georgian dances such as: "Khorumi", "Davluri", and in the slow and smooth ones - "Narnari" and "Simd", as well as in the impassioned, flame-colored "Mkchedruli".
R. Ramishvili. The Persian Loan-Words. The article deals with the root "ბანდ-" adopted from Persian language. The verb ბანდავს (to plait) created from the above-mentioned root is also considered. The author presents some composed words as: ყიფლობანდ-ი, ნალბანდ-ი, შუშაბანდ-ი, დოლბანდ-ი, დარუბანდ-ი. The root "ბანდ-" exists in Georgian and other Kartvelian languages (georg. ბანდ-, meg. ბონდ, svan. ბანდ-). The article presents the analyses of some composed words (ყურბანდ-ი, ყოფლიბანდ-ი) which according to the author's opinion created in Georgian languages.
N. Buksianidze. The Verb Marks in an Infinitive Nominalization, Factitive and Infinitive Transformation. The present paper deals with the questions connected with the verb marks in an infinitive nominalization, factitive and infinitive transformation. In the process of nominalization the marks designating the tense of a verb are lost and an infinitive is translated according to the tense of the predicate of a basic sentence. There is a difference between a simple segment and a verbal group. This difference is either complete or incomplete. An afore-mentioned difference is clearly seen when we compare an infinitive nominalization and different clauses on which it is based. Some syntagmas expressing a complete action make it possible to distinguish between the relative pronouns expressing simultaneity and coordination. The relationship between an infinitive and the initial tense is comparatively simple when the infinitive is formed by means of the nominalization of the sentence which is based on "Que". In case when the verbs are accompanied with pronoun transformation, i.e. when they represent the pronoun verbs, we can state that by means of an infinitive nominalization a passive verb is represented. In case, when the infinitive (expressing either active or passive form) is not accompanied by the subject, a kind of misunderstanding can be caused. We have to distinguish between the factitive transformation of the pronoun verbs and the combination of reflexive and factitive transformations.
I. Lobzhanidze. Towards the Method of Computer Analysis of the Experimental Phonetics. In the latter time, one of the general methods for investigation of phonetic system is method of computer analysis. The article applies to experimental study of Iberian-Caucasian languages using computer, rather their phonetic system by using of two computer programs Aneto and WinCECIL. In the article, there is used the tape-recording of "Ballade" in Udi language, which was read by Tsatso Chikvaidze. The tape-recording was analyzed using these two computer programms. The usage of computer method for study of Iberian-Caucasian languages, give additional chance for comparison of phonetic systems of these languages, for showing up of their general and different options. And also it helps to look through the nature of specific character and particular qualities of their systems. It's known that the Iberian-Caucasian languages differ from others especially by their phonetic system, the study, of which needs the usage of modern electronic technology. WEB-sites indicated in the article, let to use these programs for any user. Experimental phonetics uses a lot of methods, for studying of phonetic systems of different languages. Method of computer analysis is additional method, which helps to compare previous results with modern ones.
M. Chachibaia. Martyrius-Sahdona and His Work "Liber Perfection" (7th Century). The paper deals with one of the ancient monuments of ascetic-mystic literature "Liber Perfection" by the Bishop of the Bet-Garmai Diocese Martyrius Sahdona, a renowned ecclessiastic personality living in the 7th century. This work has been preserved in the only, unique Syrian manuscript S 4116, which is now at Strasbourg University. The study of Martyrius Sahdona's activities and research in his work has a special significance from the viewpoint of studying ancient Georgian literature, namely the ascetic-mystical works, because the old Georgian translation of Martyrius - Sahdona's work "Liber Perfection" in present in many old Georgian manuscripts, which is a very important fact bearing witness to the existence of Georgian-Syrian literary links.
K. Sokhadze. From Protohittite Structure to the Shumerian Borrowings. The lexical-semantic field of the "time" gives an opportunity to make some decisions. The differentiations of the seasons of year, pagan calendar and lexics are based on the structure of the Great Mother of Sun. Linguistic-philosophic beliefs are the same with protohittite material. The terminology of calendar used by priests and other people for the orientations in time. This terminology also was the part of the priest's language. The article shows that protohittite structures are not only simple borrowings but a result of connection of the "priest's language" with literature one.
S. Berikashvili. The Principles of the Classification of the Declination System in the Modern Grammatics of Ancient Greek. The article applies to the principles of the classification of the declination system in Greek language, namely, to the principle that appears in the modern grammatics of Ancient Greek. The research was based on the following grammatics: V. Brandenshtein "Greek Linguistics" (W. Brandenstein "Griechische Sprachwissenschaft"), M. Meier-Brugger "Greek Linguistics" (M. Meier-Brugger "Griechische Sprachwissenschaft"), P. Shantren "Historical Morphology of Greek language" (P. Chantraine "Morphologie historique du Grec"), A. Tsartsanos "Grammar of Ancient Greek", I. Stamatakos "Historical Grammar of Ancient Greek". On the basis of considered grammatics we can state that in the modern period there is given the traditional declination system with its three types, according to the stem endings of the nouns. The only difference that we can see is - different names of the declination types. In spite of this, there is the tendency of distinguishing of the noun flexion by the cases, according to the gender. (within the framework of the traditional declination system). In the details it's given by I. Stamatoakos in his book "Historical Grammar of Ancient Greek", where he distinguishes three sub-groups of the second declination type, according to the gender of the noun. The main principle of the classification of the declination system in the modern grammatics of Ancient Greek remains the linguistic principle.
M. Kintsurashvili. The Typology of Intertext. In the introduced paper, intertextuali ty is treated on the bases of theories of such structuralists and poststructuralists as: Y. Kristeva, R. Barthes, M. Riffaterre, Y. Derrida, Y. Yenette, A. Yreimas, where the concept of text is indentified with the human conscience. As a result the whole word was considered as a text: literature, culture, society. From the point of view of language philosophy the text represents a "tissue" functioning in all spheres of human activity. Such conception has brought us to the perception of human culture as a common intertext, which serves as a pretext to any reappearing text. The term-intertext is introduced by Y. Kristeva who defines the text as a "mosaic interlinked quations". According to R. Barthes. A text is... a multidimensional space in which a variety of writings, none of them original, blend and clash. The text is a tissue of quotations... The writer can only imitate a gesture that is always anterior, never original. His only power is to mix writings, to counter the ones with the others, in such a way as never to rest on any one of them. Lethough, Y. Jenette considers, that so-called wide concept makes senseless any communication. He proposed the term "transtextuality" as a more inclusive term than "intertextuality" (Genette 1997). He listed five subtypes: 1) intertextuality: quotation, plagiarism, allusion; 2) paratextuality: the relation between a text and its "paratext" - that which surrounds the main body of the text - such as titles, headings, prefaces, epigraphs, dedications, acknowledgements, footnotes, illustrations, dust jackets, etc.; 3) architextuallty: designation of a text as part of genre of genres (Genette refers to designation by the text itself, but this could also be applied to its framing by readers); 4) metatextuality: explicit or implicit critical commentary of one text on another text (metatextuality can be hard to distinguish from the following category); 5) hypotextuality (Genette's term was hypertextuality): the relation between a text and a preceding "hypotext" - a text or genre on which it is based but which it transforms, modifies, elaborates or extends (including parody, spoof, sequel, translation).
T. Kiguradze. Code-Switching in Georgian Discourse. Code-switching is an area, which is not well studied in Georgian linguistics because of the traditional negative attitude to this phenomenon by the Soviet scholars. But the fact is that code-switching remains a frequent appearance in Georgian reality and is worth studying properly. In this article you will find theoretical preliminaries to this topic and the exposure of types, functions and (non-) linguistic reasons of code-switching in Georgian with examples mainly from Georgian-Russian and Georgian-German code-switching. The article deals with the linguistic material and observes the main conversational functions of code-switching: different types of connotation, euphemism, filling lexical gaps and simplification.
K. Nikoladze. The Role of Diminution Suffixes at the Production of Occasional Derivate. The article deals with the occasionals made by explicit derivation, privately German absurd poetry representative C. Morgenstern's example we discuss the most productive diminution suffix's role at the production of occasional derivate. Diminution is generally discussed as one of the variety of derivative modification, when we discuss their word building mean, investigators give us instructions that we can't have talk only about diminutive, but it's necessary to mark extra connotation emotional, expressive of these suffixes. To make on the derivative base by adding diminutive suffixes 16 occasional derivate one of his poetry, the author can't foresee German word building rules, but in the second poetry in the same aim he uses dialectical version of diminutive suffix. Every aforesaid give use means to conclude, that in Morgenstern's poetry word building derivation empose not only primary function but to make emotionally assimilate new occasional lexical units.
I. Kruashvili. Nonce Words in German Language. The particular type of word creation in speech act is the formation of nonce words. The mechanisms of their formation is very complicated and multilateral. According to distinct artistic goals the writer can create his/her own words through existing models. These words are mostly connected to fictional and publicistic texts and they are called nonce words. Usually nonce words are more or less individual words. They are connected to one author or to the concrete text. In this article the issue of formation of nonce words in the German language is discussed, their peculiarities are defined too and appropriate examples are given as well.
T. Jojua. Comparative Analysis of English and Georgian Tense-Aspect Forms. A comparative analysis of English and Georgian tense-aspect forms are given in the article Typological differences and real, frequent errors must be taken into consideration while planning a grammar task. In comparative analysis of these forms much attention is paid to the difference between The notions 'Time' (an extra linguistic category) and 'Tense' (a grammar category).
I. Modebadze, T. Tsitsishvili. Specifics and Problems of the Editing of Kartvelological Literary Study Database. The Database of the Kartvelological Literary studies means creation of easily accessible information bank which will be useful not only for scientific community, but also for the public use too. The database employs special searching engine which provides quick and easy ways for seeking any term that exist in the database. During electronic editing of existing information the whole series of unexpected problems were encountered. To solve these problems appropriate theoretical judgment and significant increase of input information is required. However, at this point, despite of existing problems, we were able to make following statements: 1. According to well established international guidelines for scientific conduct several formats of descriptive information are accepted: A. Resume - Description of the major conclusion of conducted study based on obtained results; B. Abstract-Descriptive summary of the study; C. Annotation - Brief interpretation and explanation of the content. Considering specifics of internet usage which requires providing complete information for users, it is necessary to develop special sincrete form. 2. It is known that scientific vocabulary accepted in humanitarian sciences (which obviously includes literary studies) is special by means of its variety and non-fixed character. This vocabulary undergoes frequent changes as the result of terminological parallelism occurring after re-terminological and other similar eternal functioning processes. Therefore, "to decode" or to convert it in more precise "single-digit" form (as in other fundamental sciences) is believed to be an unreachable task. 3. For the unification of information production and successful work of searching engine, it's necessary to incorporate the specific lexical layer (terminology) using key-words in all text material. We believe, the selection of these key-words represents most significant problem of this project.
T. Megrelishvili. Personality and its Incarnation in Literary Memoirs of Russian Abroad (N. Berberova "My Italics", I. Odoyevtseva "On Banks of Sena"). Two investigated author's interpretations of G. Ivanov's personality - which was described by memorializes - showed different, almost diametrically opposed, perception of one personality by event authors. Depending on perspective of interpretation, were brightly highlighted personalities of memorializes, especially of author's assignment, which every author wanted to fulfill. In autobiographic genre (N. Berberova "My Italics"), combining chronological narration with author's reflection, the leading of novelistic episodes of author's interpretation of some memoirs subject have to fulfill the illustrative function, corroborating author's characteristics (at first, self-characteristics) and presumptive opinions. In genre of memoirs portrait (I. Odoyevtseva "On Banks of Sena"), narrative orientated, we can see close interaction with the genre of outline. Frequently, as on I. Odoyevtseva's example, architectonics of memoirs is based on cementation of memoirs portraits in large text with fascinating story line and comprehensible world outlook author' a position. Creating literary-memoirs image of G. Ivanov I. Odoyevtseva depends on spiritual nearness between the motives of world outlook of Ivanov with Lermontov, understanding of world as a disharmony, which was keenly felt by contemporaries. The figure of "poisonous", "evil" person, who had the "murderous wittiness", - fixated "points", which were giving to Odoyevtseva a possibility to build the peculiar "culture bridge" between the Golden Age in Russian Literature and Silver Age, to correlate the last one with Russian tradition, to show its continuity.
M. Iantbelidze. For Relations between Vazha-Pshawela's Literary Activities, Exactly, "Snake Eater" and Fridrikh Nitsshe's "So Would Say Zaratustra". The author, just at the beginning of the article, reviews different ideas expressed in Georgian critic about relations between Vazha Pshavela's and Nitsshe's outlooks. Some of the critics see a lot of common between the two authors and some, on the contrary, pay great attention to the difference. But the author of the represented article, in order to express her original position, reviews such philosophic categories as: individualism, willing, morality etc. The author's position about the mentioned theme is realistic. She doesn't limit with Vazha Pshavela's and Nitsshe's works carried out in titles and tries to value the entire outlook of both authors. The author considers that in spite of certain likeness Vazha Pshavela and Nitsshe have different position and outlook about various questions (even Christianity).
N. Mrevlishvili. Basic Terms For Time Category Expression in Gelatic Translations of Ecleciastus Elucidation. Gelatic translations of Ecleciastus elucidation among ontologic terms are distinguished with especial abundance of a time category expression terms. In old Georgian monuments "zhami" (time) is mentioned as a basic lexema of the time semantic field, which meaning area is broad and includes functions of this category various units (hour, second, minute, day, year...) expression. The time lexema is observed extremely rarely in old Georgian monuments as a noun function and in a general meaning that it has in modern Georgian language. In gelatic terms of Ecleciastus elucidation basis of the time lexema is founded out two times only.
O. Oniani. Mythical Legend "Jamakhersa" (Analysis). According to Dali cycle materials "Jamakhersa" is a work with most difficult content. Spiritual development ways and steps of hero is very interesting in it. Action is carried out in different space. Despite other hunters, nobody helps to Jamakhersa in life and in spiritual world as well. It's true that different human beings inspire on Jamakhersa, but their care toward possible cases or dangers is settled only by general indications, instructions and advice, to how he can act, what he must do and other. And the hero is always before choice. He is elucidated in the situation himself and makes decisions independently. Just this mark distinguishes him from other personages of hunting cycle.
Z. Tskhadaia. The Main Trends of the Georgian Poetry of the 1970's. The 1970's is one of the turning points in the 20th century Georgian poetry. This is the period when a demolition of the stereotypes, which has started since the 1950's, becomes more vivid. In the lyrical poetry, the most intricate inward life of a person, an individual, is shown in a profound manner. A lyrical hero gains more freedom and candidness. In the 1970's, the national themes, especially the eternal problem of an individual - the essence of life and death, are expressed with a new capacity. New generation sets a glaring example of the Georgian poetry of this period. However, the role of older generation is also very important. This is proved by the poetry of M. Machavariani, M. Lebanidze, A. Kalandadze, M. Kvlividze, M. Potskhishvili and others.
S. Gikoshvili. Georgi Shatberashvili - the Folklorist. The article deals with the folklore researches expressed in the work of Georgians writer Giorgi Shatberashvili: "Giorgi Saakadze in Peoples' Memory", "Kviria - Tsiskari", "Meskhuri Supruli" and other. In principal the writer collected some legends about Giorgi Saakadze in the Kartli villages and applied remarkable considerations regarding mentioned historical hero. G. Shatberashvili, after Iv. Javakhishvili, was one of the first who on the basis of folk legends presents the ancient Georgian divinity Kviria. There is also described the writer's travel to Meskheti, where he record the samples of folk oral speech, notable from which is the legend connected to Khertvisi fortress and several versions of "Meskhuri Supruli" poems.
T. Tseradze. Georgian Placename in Palestine: Tkebnari Monastery. The collection of Georgian manuscripts kept in the library of Greek Orthodox Patriarchate in Jerusalem contains 14th-15th cc. manuscript Jer. Georg. 132. Two colophons preserved in this manuscript cover different stages of history of St. Theodore's Monastery in Jerusalem. These colophons were written by monk Michael who was the scribe of the manuscript Jer. Georg. 132. According to the second colophon Michael donated the manuscript to the church of St. Theodore and its monastery to which he refers as "der Tkebnari". Arabic word "dayr", that means "monastery ", proves that the church of St. Theodor was located in Palestine (likewise other monasteries in Palestine: "Dertavi" and "Dertupha". Accounts about those monasteries are kept only in Georgian manuscripts). In regards of "Tkebnari", we suppose that it is a placename of Georgian origin ("Tkebnari" means "a trodden place"). It seems that in Georgian monastic colony in Jerusalem Georgian placenames were used to designated some areas in Jerusalem. The text of the Michael's colophon has not been published previously.
T. Mebuke. Archetype "Freedom of Choice" (Stating the Archetype). The aim of the article is to find basis for the archetype "freedom of choice" as the central archetype of human behavior that is reflected in different mythologies and later finds its expression in the works of literature of different epochs and peoples. The archetype may be considered to be central as it indicates the main orientation in the life of a man - that is the choice between the good and the evil. It has all signs of an archetype - it is neutral to the concepts of the good and evil, ambivalent and is repeated in various mythologies.
M. Sirbiladze. The Age Aspect of Linguistic Aptitude. Age is one of the important aspects in physiological researches of linguistic aptitude. The most common explanation for these observations is that there is a "critical period", during which the brain is flexible and language learning can occur naturally and easy. Around puberty is considered to be the period one can no longer call upon the learning capacities. We suppose that linguistic aptitude, as the specific psychological feature of a man, is very important not only in formal situation (as Krashen thinks), but in any kind of situation. Therefore to study the process of aging from a linguistic point of view is the question to pay attention to. Those scholars, who agree that age-related differences in SLA exist, have been suggested in the following explanations: social-psychological, cognitive, input and neurological. But, obviously, in this area as in many others, much work remains to be done. We studied the development process of the specific component of linguistic aptitude - the comprehension of fitness between the sound of a word and its meaning - in the junior school age and saw that exposure of this ability has a natural character, it's in correlation to the linguistic memory, develops according to the increasing of age, which is connected to our mind, to the development of metalinguistic or objectivation ability. The moment that correlation between the denoted ability and mnemonic effect is high in the 1st form, means that mnemonic effect is more important with the six-year old children, than with the children of the later ages.
D. Pipinashvili. Affects of Implicit Content of Feedback on Intrinsic Motivation. The study reported in the article investigates the affects of implicit content of feedback on intrinsic motivation for some initially neutral task. Feedback categories manipulated in the study were defined in terms of positivity/negativity of particular appraisals. Feedback types were determined according to the implicit information the appraisals in question contained about person's potential abilities. The results of the study strongly suggest that in a context of reduced external factors the imposition of feedback implicitly admitting person's potentional abilities may significantly enhance subjects' intrinsic interest in a task thus determining a positive overt behaviour (engaging in a task performance activity) .On the other hand the affects of feedback implicitly discounting person's potentional abilities may be considerably detrimental to subjects' intrinsic motivation determining a negative overt behavior (avoiding an engagement in a task). Neither intrinsic motivation nor the opportunity of overt behaviour prediction were affected by the feedback category manipulation.
D. Pipinashvili. Effects of Social Feedback on the Process of Attitude Formation Toward an Unfamiliar Activity. The results reported in this article concern the effects of social feedback on the process of attitude acquisition. Subjects' emotional and cognitive evaluative responses as well as their behavioral intentions toward a new attitude object (activity designed by the author) were examined and certain types of feedback were manipulated in the study. Feedback categories were defined in terms of positivity/negativity of particular appraisals. Feedback types were determined according to the implicit information the appraisals contained about person's potential abilities. The study has revealed feedback type as a significant determinant of the subjects' emotional and cognitive evaluations, but has not been found to be able to account for their behavioural intentions toward the attitude object (activity). Although feedback category has significantly effected the subjects' emotional evaluations and behavioural intentions, it's impact on the subjects' cognitive evaluations of the activity has not been found statistically valid.
L. Khechuashvili. Depression Indicators Linked To Male Erectile Dysfunction. Depression leads reduced interest toward sexual activities or lack of it that appears like sexual disorders. Research¢s goal is establishing the level of depression in males with male erectile dysfunction and finding personality traits linked to psychogenic and somatogenic sexual dysfunctions. The aim also is to find out depression level changes depending on either psychogenic or somatogenic sexual dysfunctions. There were 64 males aged 25-45 (15 of them with psychogenic and 17 with somatogenic erectile dysfunctions and 32 controls without any problems in sexual functioning). There were studied psychological parameters such as depression, reactive and personal anxiety, locus of control and personality traits. Research suggests that males with erectile dysfunctions were attributed (compeer with controls) moderate depression, high level of personal anxiety, low reactive anxiety, narcissism and dependent. Beside this, males with psychogenic sexual dysfunction were attributed increased depression and males with somatogenic sexual dysfunction were attributed obsessive-compulsive.
A. Karaulashvili, T. Gagoshidze, Sh. Mamukadze, T. Chincharauli. Epilepsy as a Chronic Disease. The Internal Picture of the Disease. The article deals with the important questions of theoretical and practical researches in the current medicine - the influence of the chronic disease on the patient's personality and emotional changes, investigation of the chronic patient's relationship system, which may have an impact on patient's reaction on disease. It also considers the psychological models which underlay the development of personality conception of disease. In modern epileptology was not emphasized influence of chronic disease on the personality of patient, on the treatment results and formation of the internal picture of disease. Investigation of the internal picture is one of the important aspects of the treatment. The main objectives of psychological counseling and rehabilitation is helping patients to change the system of relationships, which comprises the patient's attitude towards the disease, to own personality and to the environment in terms of his disease. This system of relations has mainly conscious character and therefore, should be directed to the formation of more realistic, adequate forms of personal reaction. In this article it's discussed the one in the main question of current epileptology - the personality feature of people with epilepsy, the attitude towards their own disease. The epilepsy consider as a chronic disease, which influence on the patient's relation system. The patient's emotional and personality problems as well as the types of reactions supposed to determine by the following factors:
Investigation of abovementioned factors are considered of first priority in the research of emotional and personality problems of patients with epilepsy.
M. Tediashvili. Reflection of Cultural Values in Advertisements. Because of strong progress of mass media, the trend of creating universal informational medium is obvious. As a product of alien informational culture is easily accessible for everyone, it makes a strong influence not only on the national culture but also on an individual's perception of the world around him/her. Perception of alien cultural stimuli requires he/she adapt, to a certain extent, to the meaning of the system of values and communicational code. Taking into consideration the aims of behavior and of persuasive communication, culture can be described as the values, attitudes, beliefs, ideas, artifacts and other meaningful symbols represented in the pattern of life adopted by people that help them interpret, evaluate and communicate as member of a society. The article deals with the classification of cultural values by Hofstede G., which describes other-oriented, environment-oriented and self-oriented values. Other-oriented values comprise individual/cultural, extended/limited family, adult/child, masculine/feminine, competitive/cooperative, youth/ age values. Environment-oriented values include cleanliness, performance/status, tradition/change, risk taking/security, problem solving/fatalistic values. Self-oriented values embrace active/passive, material/nonmaterial, hard work/ leisure, postponed gratification, immediate gratification, sensual gratification/abstinence, humor/serious values. Advertising experts should take into account Georgian cultural values and their special traits, which will enable them to create such advertisements that will successfully persuade Georgian customers and consumers, consequently increase sales, and boost service.
I. Pilauri. The Legal Foundations of Protections of Library Funds. The research work pertains to the documents issued by international organizations and corresponding Georgian agencies that are related to organizing, shaping and preserving of library collections. The research discusses the provisions that are especially important from the view point of preserving collections and gives interpretation and assessment of such provisions. The work also contains general characteristic and analysis of the current state. It is very important to identify those problems that create impediments to the improvement of the situation.
M. Kharazishvili. On Some Questions of Pedagogic Computer Science. The article discusses some important questions which are connected with training of students in pedagogic computer science.