Aligote
Aligote - is a French type of vine with white grapes.
In its native land it gives a light white wine for mass consumption, and in some regions of viticulture- and particularly in Georgia -from this type is made a high qualitative table wine and materials for champagne. Because of this, it is listed among the standard assortment of Georgian vines.
In special Literature, Aligote is known as Pino, which is incorrect as Aligote is significantly different from Pino, with its own distinct morphological and biological characteristics and agricultural features.
In eastern regions of Georgia, particularly in the viticulture zones of Mukhrani of Mtskheta district, Aligote gives best results of productivity and quality of production. In the standard assortment of the Republic, it is listed as Mukhranuli, but it is necessary to return to it its old name.
This type, with its morphological characteristics and biological features, is totally different from types of Ponto, and belongs to the ecological-geographical group of vines of Western Europe. We do not have literary notes about where this type originated nor how it evolved over the centuries. In the amphelography of Vila and Vermoneli, the existence of Aligote is mentioned in Burgundia in the 17th century, and later in the district of Shampansa.
In Russia, Aligote was spread as minor plantations from the beginning of the 19th century, and more widely spread from the end of that century and the beginning of the 20th century. It is especially spread in Ukraine, Crimea, Moldova, the viticulture district of Doni, central Asia, Transcaucasia, Krasnodar, Anapi, Novorossiysk, Dagestan, and other regions.
Presently, this type is widely spread in Moldova, especially in the gorge of the river Dnestri. According to the description of 1940, it was planted on five thousand hectare. In Ukraine, mainly in the regions of Odessa, Khersona and Dnestropetrovski, it is planted on 800 hectare. In the regions of Anapa and Novorossiysk, it is planted on 600 hectare. In Crimea, mainly in the regions of Balaklava, Ialta, Sudaki, and Bakhchisarai, it is planted on 300 hectare. Apart from this, its plantations are spread as relatively minor collections in the viticulture regions of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Kabardino, Dagestan, Stalingrad, and North Ossetia.
In Western Europe, aside from France, Aligote is found in Balkan countries, in Germany, Italy and Spain.
Aligote first appeared in Gerogia from the beginning of the
20th century. At first it was cultivated in the viticulture zone of Mukhrani (Mtskheta district), where, during a very short time and because of its high qualitative production, it was spread throughout the viticulture districts of Shida Kartli.
In our country, in the districts of Charagouli, Sachkhere, Chiatura, Zestafoni, and Terjola, production of this type is used as a blending material for making Georgian champagne wine.
Aligote is widely spread in the mountainous districts of Georgia (Tetritskharo, Dmanisi, Lentekhi, Shuakhevi, and Khulo), and is used for making local quite qualitative table red wines.
According to the statistic description of 1953, the total area of Aligote in Georgia was 540 hectare. With a perspective plan, over the next ten years it is foreseen to cultivate Aligote mainly in the districts of Kartli, Imereti and the mountainous regions of the republic, on 2000 hectare. It is mainly used as blending material for making champagne wine and also qualitative table wine.
სარჩევი |
Botanical description
Aligote is described in the Educational Farm (Mtskheta district) of the Georgian Agricultural Institute. The plot was cultivated in 1934 on a south-facing hill. The soil there is heavy, clay and consists of quite an amount of calcium-carbonate. The vines are cultivated on wire and formed by bilateral Georgian rule.
The young sprouts
The growth cone is whitish, has a reddish tone, and is covered with golden down. The first and second leaves on the upper side are greenish-yellow. The edges and teeth of the blade have a reddish, dark red color. On the upper side it is thickly covered with whitish-gray down. Upper side third and fourth leaves are a light green color with a bronzed tone and are slightly covered with grayish hair-like down. Covered leaves are quite thickly covered with gray hair-like down.
The entire length of young sprouts is a reddish color with a brownish tone, and are sometimes light green and covered with grayish hair-like down.
The matured shoot
Matured shoots are reddish brown, on the axil they have a violet color and are abundantly covered with wax. They have an almost average largeness, the medium length of inter-axil space reaches 7 - 11cm.
The leaf
Grown leaves are light green in color with a yellowish tone shiny. They have a round shape and are slightly incisiony. Its length can reach 16.8 – 17.4cm and width 17.1 – 17.7cm.
The incision of the leaf petiole is open, often having a lyre-like shape with an acute basis. We can also meet open, arch-like shaped incisions with acute or rounded basis, and more rarely, arrow-like or closed narrow with ellipsis-like clefts.
The upper incision is very slightly cut, or creates quite an intruded corner. We also meet closed incisions with quite deeply cut and lyre-like or egg-like shapes. This type is not characterized by lower incisions or it is insignificantly cut.
The teeth on the lobes are narrow, triangular, elongated and have acute tips. We also meet rounded triangular shapes of teeth with acute tips. Lateral teeth are triangular with rounded tips.
Leaves are dark green. Their upper sides are smooth or net-like wrinkled. The surfaces of blades are level; sometimes curved at the edges. On the underside they are a lighter color and slightly downy with grayish hair-like down. By the beginning of leaf-fall they take on a yellowish tone which goes into a lemon-yellow color.
The ratio of leaves petiole to main middle lobe is 0.85 - 0.95. The petiole is smooth and often has a reddish color. Main lobes are quite prominant and have a reddish tone.
The flower
Flowers are hermaphroditic, with normally developed pistils and stamens. Stamens curve away from the pistols. The ratio of stamen to pistil reaches 1.5. The knot is wide and cone-like. In the whorl there are 250 flowers.
The bunch
The bunch petiole is 2.0 – 3.5cm. During the period of grape-ripening, it is slightly close to the basis and so is quite difficult to separate from the shoot. Entire parts of the petiole are a grass-green or light green color.
Bunches have an average size or are less than average. Their length reaches 11.0 – 14.5cm and width 8.0 – 9.5cm, with cylindrical or cylindrical-cone-like shapes, sometimes winged. Very dense, sometimes average density in very dense bunches, the berries are often deformed.
The grain
The petiole of berries reaches 4 - 5.5mm. Grains have a rounded shape and are wide in the middle of the body, with rounded ends. They are symmetrical and thin-skinned, and extremely juicy. The skin of berry with a normally sweet taste is slightly covered with wax.
The seed
There are one to four seeds in a grain. Grains containing two to three seeds are more common. The length of seeds reaches 6 – 6.5mm, and a width of 3 – 3.5mm. On the rear side they are brown but on the abdomen side clefts, they have a yellowish color. The kalaza is well depicted and is of a round shape or is slightly oval. On the abdomen, the clefts are quite deep and are well-depicted. The tips have an almost cylindrical shape whose length reaches 1.5mm.
Agro-biological description
The vegetation period and course of phases
Phenological observations took place on the Educational Farm of Mukhrani and in the collection of viticulture of the Educational Farm of Dighomi (Tbilisi suburb).
The average data of many years worth of observations is shown in Table 1.
- Table 1
- Vegatation period of Aligote and Course of vegetation phases
| Viticulture district and location of analytical research | Beginning of budding |
Beginning of flowering |
Begiinf rpening |
Full ripening |
Duration of vegetation phase process to total ripening of vine |
End of leaf shedding |
Duration of vegetation phase process until the end of leaf shedding (days) |
Total sum of temperature from grape expansion until total ripening |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mukhrani educational collective (Mtskheta district) |
18-25.IV | 1-6.VI | 15-20.VIII | 17-25.IX | 153-154 | 15-20.XI | 210-212 | 3000 |
| Dighomi educational collective (Tbilisi suburb) |
15-23.IV | 1-3.VI | 10-15.VIII | 7-10.IX | 141-146 | 18-22.XI | 214-218 | 3200 |
| Sakare educational collective (Zestafoni district) |
– | – | – | – | 150 | – | – | – |
| Telavi educational collective (Telavi district) |
22.IV | 7.VI | 14.VIII | 13.IX | 145 | – | – | 2830 |
In the conditions of Shida Kartli, the length of the vegetation season, from bud expansion to grape-ripening, is up to 145 days. In the zone of central Imereti, this can be 150 days, and in Telavi -145. From the above-mentioned points, this type begins flowering a few days early in the zones of Sakare and Dighomi (30.V-3.VI) and accordingly the grape also begins ripening earlier in these zones. Warm and durable autumn vegetation seasons in Imereti are quite long, and continue almost until the end of November.
There are also materials about the course of biological phases of Aligote, collected from some viticulture regions of the Soviet Union by Lozasa and Negruli. (See Table 2)
- Table 2
- Aligote’s biological phases in some viticulture districts in the Soviet Union
- Table 2
| Location of sample observation | Year | Beginning of budding | Beginning of flowering | Begiinf rpening | Full ripening | Total sum of the temperature from budding until full ripening (days) |
Total sum of temperature from budding until full ripening (degree) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kishinov “Maarachgi” | 1945-1948 | 20.IV | 1.VI | 5.VIII | 7.IX | 140 | – |
| Odessa, institute | 1945-1949 | 28.IV | 5.VI | 10.VIII | 5.IX | 130 | – |
| Izmaili district, Shabo village | 1946-1949 | 20.IV | 30.V | 13.VIII | 2.IX | 135 | 2900 |
| Krasnodar region, nursery Soviet collective, small land |
1926-1928 | 26.IV | 1.VI | 16.VIII | 16.IX | 143 | 2850 |
| Anapa, I Experimental station | 2 years | 21.IV | 5.VI | 7.VIII | 9.IX | 141 | – |
| Anapa, II Experimental station | 1937-1941 | 16.IV | 6.VI | 7.VIII | 9.IX | 134 | – |
| Yalta“ Maarachgi” | 1938-1941 | 13.IV | 2.VI | 7.VIII | 8.IX | 128 | 2780 |
| Kirovobad, Experimental station | 1932-1939 | 17.IV | 5.VI | 3.VIII | 21.IX | 157 | 3370 |
| Derbend, Experimental station | 1939-1940 | 16.IV | 26.V | 14.VIII | 17.IX | 154 | 3430 |
| Novocherkaski, institute | 1935-1940 | 23.IV | 5.VI | 6.VIII | 28.VIII | 127 | 2770 |
| Kuibishev, Experimental station | 1938-1940 | 30.IV | 7.VI | 11.VIII | 6.IX | 129 | 2830 |
| Saratov district, Experimental station | 1937-1939 | 18.V | 3.VI | 7.VIII | 21.IX | 126 | 2390 |
| Soviet Farm “garden №7” | 1940 | 13.V | 26.VI | 29.VIII | 23.IX | 133 | 2640 |
| Moscow | 1934-1938 | 6.V | 17.VI | 17.VIII | 11.IX | 128 | 2540 |
| Tashkent | 1940 | 30.IV | 8.VI | 20.VIII | 26.IX | 149 | 2370 |
| 1944-1946 | 6.IV | 12.VI | 8.VIII | 12.VIII | 133 | 2650 |
As we can see from Table 2, the biological features of Aligote are an ability to mature early, shown in almost every zone but particularly in the viticulture regions of Tashkenti, Darbendi, Izmaili, Odessa, and Novocherkaski. It matures relatively late in the regions of Moscow, Saratov, Kirovabadi and Kubishev, but this biological phase does not go beyond the second half of September, which must be considered quite normal for early-maturing types.
Growth of vine and maturing of shoots
Aligote is characterized by an average strength of growth. In deep-strong soils, the development of some shoots is quite strong, if they are suitably cared for. For example, according to the data of perennial experiments, the length of some shoots reaches 1.5m and sometimes more. The same can be seen in Dighomi. In Western Georgian regions, particularly in the micro-districts of Sakare and Vachevi, in relatively minor deep soils, its growth is almost average and the length of shoots does not exceed one meter. In the viticulture zone of Telavi, this type shows stronger growth-development and with this feature it is not less than Rkatsiteli or Mtsvane. By the period of grape maturity, 95% of shoots reach full ripeness and gain the characteristic tone of this type and, at the end of vegetation, ripen to 100%. In the viticulture zone of Mukhrani, over some years, due to a fall in temperature, a number of shoot tips do not manage to ripen and are easily damaged by winter frosts. Yet this damage does not have a significant negative impact on the whole development of the vine.
The productivity
In suitable ecological conditions, Aligote is characterized by abundant productivity. The first sign of productivity is given in the second year from planting and complete productivity begins in the 4th year. Aligote expresses this feature in every region of viticulture. Below, data regarding the productivity of Aligote is shown, which was taken from the viticulture zones of Veinhomi, Vachevi, and Telavi. (See Table 3).
In viticulture farms, Aligote is characterized by abundant productivity, which- according to our observation -is caused by its great ability of adapting towards external conditions; while pruning, following Georgian rules, allows vine-loading to reach 15 - 18 buds; the harvest from one vine is often 5 - 6kg. Despite such a huge harvest, the development of some bunches is quite normal and typical. In the same farm, the harvest from one hectare reaches 100-110 centners In the Soviet farm of Vaechvi, average productivity reaches 70 - 80 centners per hectare and, some years, when there is good weather, it can exceed 90 centners.
Aligote gives a good harvest in mountinous regions of viticulture, for example, in Adjara, in the mountain-front villages of the Khulo district, where this type has been spread during recent years. When vine is pruned following Georgian rules, it gives a average 80 centners grape from one hectare, and in this it is ahead of other local vine types.
Of its biological features must be mentioned its productivity. We rarely see unproductive sprouts on its vine. Lack of productive sprouts is sometimes caused by backwardness of buds on shoots. Sometimes, there are two to three bunches on a shoot.
The above-mentioned features are also often expressed in other regions of viticulture. For example, according to the collected notes of Lozasa and Negruli, its productivity in Moldova reaches 120 centners per hectare and, some years, exceeds 150 centners. In Ukraine it achieves an average 70 centners some years reaching 170; in Krasnodar its productivity is from 70 to 150 centners in the region of Anapa -118; and on other plots -300 centners The fall of flowers is slightly characteristic. 55 - 60% of flowers reach - pepper-corn size and as a result, bunches are dense.
The above-mentioned notes confirm its ability to adapt easily to the ecological conditions of South and North, which must be considered as a positive feature of the type.
Durability against pests and fungal diseases
In the viticulture zones of Mukhrani and Aghaiani, Aligote is highly susceptible to Chlorosis. The disease spreads first on some sprouts, especially in spring, and then spreads gradually onto the other green parts of the vine. As a result, its growth-development is hindered and productivity is significantly reduced. This damage is an annual occurrence and, as a result, a number of plots get destroyed. The causes of the disease have not yet been established and anti-measures have not been developed. Use of the Berlandieri hybrid as roots was only a measure to protect vines from Chlorosis but in recent times, signs of Chlorosis have appeared on vines engrafted onto this hybrid. Due to this, measures are planned by research facilities for final specification and work is being carried out to affect them.
In its distribution areas, Aligote is characterized by good durability against fungal diseases. For example, in the viticulture zones of Aghaiani, it has good durability against iodium. In wet and warm weather, it is quite susceptible to disease and, because of this the agro rules of viticulture suggest treating the vine with sulphur four times and with bordo solution twice, which must be considered quite enough for this zone. Diseases are relatively more common in the regions of Western Georgia, but here- in comparison with other types -it is more durable. However, treatment is considered as obligatory.
From pests, the Aligote vine is greatly damaged by phylloxera. As a result (as it is everywhere where phylloxera is a threat, as well as in Georgia), in regions of its distribution, the vine is cultivated with grafts. From rootstock vine types, the best results for Aligote can be brought from hybrids of Berlandieri 420A and 5 bb from hybrids of RipariaXRupestri-3309. Aligote engrafted on this rootstock is characterized by normal growth-development and abundant and regular productivity, life expectancy, typical bunches and berries. Recently, the vine spidery tick began to spread, which significantly damages plantings of Aligote, but by conducting the necessary preliminarily qualitative measures, pest activity will fall to a minimum.
Response of varieties to different environmental conditions
Aligote gives a high qualitative production on Northern and Western foothills, abundantly lit by the sun. On such plots, as a result of the strengthening activity of the sun, and air circulation, a normal growth-development and healthy and qualitative harvest is guaranteed. Observation makes clear that substitute alluvial-clayish soils of calcium-carbonate allow production for the making of qualitative and table wines.
In relatively plain, deep and strong soils, productivity of Aligote is high, but the quality of production is relatively low. So, in order to make qualitative and chateau wines, it must be cultivated on foothills which are abundantly lit by the sun and in soils rich in calcium-carbonates.
Aligote is unable to endure winter frosts, especially on lowlands, where cold air mass flows down. On lowlands, because of winter frosts, vines are damaged and are sometimes totally destroyed.
Aligote endures drought but during such a period, its growth-development is relatively decelerated and the berry is unable to reach maturity. Because of this, in regions with a sediment deficit, the irrigation of vineyards 2- 3 times is considered a necessary step.
Some agro-technical peculiarities of varieties
From agro-technical issues, the pruning-shaping of vines needs attention. At the time of heavy-loading, Aligote ends its growth-development and productivity early. In 1939-1940, in the viticulture zone of Mukhrani, when the tendency of large-loading was instilled as a convention for all types, the most negative impacts were on Aligote and Pino. Due to this, particular and rapid measures needed to be taken in order to improve conditions on their plots. It is clear that the total transfer of vines from low-loading to large-loading also contributed to this negative phenomenon.
According to data compiled over many years, Georgian bilateral wallpaper with forked post is the most effective of pruning methods- where the total loading of the vine does not exceed 16 -18 buds. Such a pruned vine, with high agro-technics, normally develops areas of its vegetation and gives an abundant and high qualitative production.
Other forms of vine pruning such as- cordon, multi support, where vine loading exceeds 20 buds, must be considered unsuitable for Aligote. Aligote is totally unsuitable for lane-like formations. In such conditions, its vegetation parts develop weakly, the harvest is lower and vines age and shrivel sooner.
Giving length to the productive shoot is an important issue. This type is unable to bear long pruning. In this case, buds fall in huge quantity and the vegetation and total strength is reduced. Productive shoots, pruned to 7 - 8 buds, must be considered normal for this type.
Agro-tecnical characteristics
Mechanical structure of grape
With Agricultural purposes, the production of Aligote is intended for making qualitative table wine and materials of champagne wine. With organoleptic features, it is unsuitable as a table grape.
Below is shown the average data of three years of grape mechanical-chemical analysis. (See Table 4, page 99)
Materials were collected by viticulture and wine-making test station of Telavi Institute.
The weight of a large bunch can reach 230g, a small- 78g. The number of berries according to bunch-size varies from 50 to 150. It is characterized by an abundance of juice (77 - 80%) which sometimes reaches 82%. During the period of grape maturing, sugar content varies from 18 to 22%, and acidity 8 - 10%. When production of Aligote is intended for making table wines, harvesting takes place at the end of September. By this time, 21 - 22% sugar has accumulated and the acidity is 7.5 - 8%, which gives an opportunity to make very qualitative, soft and harmonic chateau wine. This zone is much praised for such wines.
In order to make materials for champagne wine, harvesting is started early. In Eastern Georgia, the harvest starts from 10 - 15 September, and in Western Georgia from the beginning of September. By this time, the sugar content in the grape varies from 16.5 to 18%; the total acidity from 9 to 11%. Wine material made from such production is best for making high qualitative champagne wine. The average weight of 100 berries can reach 136 - 143g. In 100 berries there are 200 seeds, with a total weight of 6.5g.
Grains with one seed make up- 14%, berries with two seeds- 62%, berries with three seeds- 18%, and those with four seeds- 6%.
In Table 5 the dynamic of grape maturity is shown, with indexes of sugar content/acidity according to three years average data.
In the above-mentioned districts, over-ripeness of the Aligote grape starts from October and then shrivels. Because sugar during this period only increases slightly, an opportune harvest is necessary.
Grapes left on the vine for a long time do not rot, especially in the regions of Eastern Georgia, but significantly reduce in their ability to produce juice. In Western Georgia, the grapes do rot and it is necessary to conduct the harvest timely.
A particularly high qualitative wine of Aligote is made in the viticulture zone of Mukhrani. There, wine made from Aligote- following European rules -is characterized by a beautiful color, a typical pleasant taste, and characteristic strength of table wine; healthy, harmonic and with a good storage ability. Some years, when sediment deposit during grape-ripening is low, and there is moderate warmth, the Aligote grape gives very qualitative materials for making chateau table wines. So it is necessary to conduct the harvest when the sugar content in the sweet reaches 20 - 21% and the total acidity 8.6 - 9%. The time for ideal Mukhrani conditions is the end of September to the beginning of October. More recently, harvested grape has given a sticky, less sour and harmonic wine, which, during preservation, does not develop a typical aroma or bouquet. Results of the chemical analysis of wine are shown in Table 6.
As we can see from the results of the analysis, Aligote wine is characterized by a normal alcohol level (10.8 – 11.6%) which is generally characteristic for high qualitative table wine. Confirmation of this is to be found in the normal amount of extract (18.7 – 20.5) and volatile acid consistency (0.59 – 0.66).
The results of the chemical analysis of Aligote wine, which were collected from various regions of the Soviet Union by Lozasa and Negruli, are shown in Table 7.
From Aligote, high qualitative table wines are grown in Krasnodar, especially in Anapa and Novorossiysk, in sandy, carbonate and black soils. Wine made in this zone is characterized by a normal consistency of alcohol and cheerfulness, extraction, harmony and good storage ability. High qualitative wines are also made in some regions of Ukraine and especially in the viticulture zone of Berezovo and in its southern districts.
According to the notes of the organileptic analysis, Aligote can be used for making grape juice and wines. Ukraine and Moldova draws attention with their grape juice production. When the grape for this purpose is harvested- when the sugar consistency is 17%, and strong wines are made in South regions of Crimea, where, during the period of reproduction, a large amount of sugar is accumulated in the grapes, due to rising warmth, and high qualitative materials for dessert wines are made.
Recently, production of Aligote has been successfully used as a blending material for making champagne wine. In this regard, foothill areas of Georgia, Krasnodar and Crimea are especially remarkable. The results of the chemical analysis of champagne wine are shown in Table 8.
Table 8 shows the stastics of Krasnodar and Crimean analysis of wine material, conducted by the Soviet Union amphelograpgy (Vol. II)
As we can see from the results of the analysis, Alogote gives high qualitative wine material in the zones of Mukhrani and Vachevi, where it is characterized by a normal consistency of alcohol, acidity, typical aroma, normal amount of extract and harmony.
Such wine materials are made in the zones of Crimea and Krasnodar. The consistence of alcohol, acidity and other elements confirms the high quality of the wine material.
General evaluation and distribution by district
Aligote is a vine type characterized by abundant productivity. This typical feature of Aligote is expressed in many viticulture regions. In suitable conditions, it is characterized by abundant productivity.
With growth-development, it belongs to the group of vines of average strength.
It is quite durable against fungal diseases, especially in regions with sediment deficits. It is characterized by slight durability against winter frosts, mainly on plains; in such conditions- as a result of the flowing down of cold air masses -it vegetation parts are damaged. Aligote gives first signs of harvest in its second year from planting, and total harvest from its 4th year. In the case of low- loading, the life of vines is prolonged, and large-loading reduces its life expectancy.
From pruning shapes of vines, in our conditions, the best results are given by the Georgian bilateral wallpaper method with a loading of 16 - 18 buds.
This type is totally inappropriate for the local training system “Olikhnari” or lane formation.
In order to make high qualitative table wines, its cultivation must take place on sloping foothills of the South or south-west, and in alluvial soils quite rich in calcium-carbonate. The production of Aligote is successfully used for making table wine, champagne wine material, grape juice and dessert wines.
In order to make high qualitative table wines, its harvest must take place when the sugar content in sweet reaches 20 - 21%, acidity 8.5 - 9% and when sugar content for champagne wine reaches 17 - 19%, acidity 9 - 10%.
In the viticulture regions of Georgia, the production of Aligote must be used only for making table wine and champagne wine materials. According to observation, the best micro-regions in Eastern Georgia for spreading Aligote are considered: Mtkheta, Kaspi, Gori, Dusheti, Kareli, Khashuri, Akhaltsikhe and Aspindze. In Western Georgia: Kharogouli, Sachkhere, Chiatura, Zestafoni, and Terjola.
As an early-maturing type, it can be successfully spread in the mountainous zones of Dmanisi, Tetritskaro, Tianeti, Tbilisi, Lentekhi, Chokhatauri, and in districts of Upper Adjara.
The spread of this type in the above-mentioned districts must be conducted as grafts on properly selected roots which have durability against phylloxera.
Bibliography
- Ketskhoveli N., Zones of Cultural Plants in Georgia. Tbilisi, 1957.
- Tabidze D., Vine Types for Soviet Champagne, Tbilisi, 1941.
- Qantaria V. Ramishvili M., Viticulture Third Revised Edition, Tbilisi, 1958.
- Cholokhashvili S., Manual Book of Viticulture, Ampelograpy, Tbilisi, 1958.
